Driving Behavior That Makes Alcohol Consumption So Dangerous

What is the specific deficit in driving behavior that makes alcohol consumption so dangerous? Alcohol consumption can cause impairment while operating machinery or driving. Alcohol has be proven to affect two specifics part of the brain. The prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. The prefrontal cortex is the center of attention while the hippocampus is the center of learning and memorization. While driving under the influence of alcohol, our attention (which is controlled by the prefrontal cortex) on the road is affected as well as our self-awareness. A second of inattention on the road can result in a deathly event. Thus, we can say that the specific deficit in driving behavior that makes alcohol consumption dangerous is the lack of†¦show more content†¦Another enzyme, cytochrome, also participates in the metabolism of alcohol in the liver. Even though the greater part of alcohol consumed is metabolized in the liver, only a certain amount goes through this process in a given hour. This is related to the availability of enzymes in a given individual liver. Describe an example of each of the components of alcoholism: a preoccupation with drinking, emotional, vocational, social, and family problems, and physical problems. An example of situation when an alcoholic is preoccupied with his drinking would be the hospitalization of a family member. While relatives would worry about the health of the person hospitalized, the alcoholic would only think about how he can get a drink. He will not be able to empathize. An example of emotional problem due to alcoholism is an alcoholic that would be hypersensitive because he/she is craving alcohol. The alcoholic will take a simple comment on his work personally and get angry. He will not be able to control his emotions, or take the comment with professionalism. A social problem due to alcoholism would be an alcoholic at a wedding reception. He could drink too much and jeopardize the party. Family problems can be at many levels. The children would lose all respect for the alcoholic parents because they cannot count on him; the

Role of Government in Social Welfare - 1477 Words

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOCIAL WELFARE A Government consists of group of people who govern a state. The proper governing of state plays a very important role in the development of a country. The government should take all necessary steps for the betterment of the country and its people. A democratic country is for the people, by the people and to the people. Therefore government of any country should act wisely for the development of the community. Social welfare is a policy in which the well being of a society at large is the main target. It includes every class/group of people in the society i.e. children, women, the disabled, old etc and the basic standard of living is guaranteed to every one. ROLE OF SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF†¦show more content†¦Main functions of the Commission are: i) To investigate and examine all matters relating to the safeguards provided for Women under the constitution and other laws ii) To take up the cases of violation of the provisions of the constitution and of other laws relating to women with the appropriate authorities, and iii) To look into complains and take notice of matters relating to deprive of Women rights. 6) WELFARE OF AGED (a) Old Age Pension: The scheme of Old Age Pension was started during 1974-75 in Mizoram. It was given to 150 Old Age persons @ Rs 30/-p.m. per person who have no supporters or near relatives to support them. The amount of pension was raised to Rs 60/- during 1981-82 and then to Rs.250/- per month per beneficiary. (b) Old Age Home: Old Age Home had been opened in 1989 under Social Welfare Department at Aizawl for the Homeless aged persons. It is the Home of its only kind in the state of Mizoram. Old Aged persons (60 +) having no supporter/relative and who are resident of the state of Miz oram are admitted in the Home. ROLE OF SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT OF MEGHALAYA Social welfare department was constituted as an Independent Directorate in 1974. Deals with Human Resource Index and Development. Social welfare department of Meghalaya consists of Ministry of Women and child development, Ministry of Social justice and empowermentShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Federal Government On Social Welfare Programs993 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Federal Government Federal Government has the ability to create positive change in many social welfare systems. The support of the government ultimately determines the success of a social welfare program. They play an important role in the decisions of how funds are allocated and the importance of these various vulnerable populations. The federal government is used as a tool, to help implement and support social welfare programs. 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Bassetti Italy Free Essays

There’s a leading thread tying together the long years or Bassetti’s activity, it’s the innovation challenge, a knowing plot of imagination and research that has woven, in time, an amazing story, made of constant evolutions and extraordinary creativity. It all started in Milan, in 1830. At 2 St. We will write a custom essay sample on Bassetti Italy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stefano Square, a small textile emporium opens for business, managed by Carlo Barboncini, cousin of the Bassetti family. 10 years later, a hand waving manufacturing plant is opened in Rescaldina. It’s 1864 when Giovanni Bassetti, only 13 years old, buys the company for a little more than one hundred thousand liras. It’s a day that will change the history of the textile world. Giovanni Bassetti’s society has in fact a set destiny: to become the most modern plant in Europe for the most ancient art in the world. From the ‘30s Bassetti starts to organize a capillary network of warehouses and stores that allow the company to expand on the entire national territory. They start talking about marketing and, in common knowledge, the Bassetti brand becomes synonym of technology and high quality. In the mid ‘50s Bassetti undertakes yet another choice in the name of innovation, putting into practice a planned advertising strategy . They concentrate on the Bassetti brand, sustained and divulged through high investments. This is how Bassetti is confirmed as a true business, with a well defined company policy aimed towards innovation: it â€Å"invents† a new house linen, ready made and packaged, ideal for women who are busy working outside the house, but not willing, for this, to give up the pleasure of being surrounded by good taste and high quality. In the ‘60s it begins to expand to European markets, conquering them in no time thanks to its unique creativity. Bassetti is one of the first companies capable of standing on the â€Å"woman’s side†, as a famous advertising claim says, creating products that are not just good looking, but also able to simplify housework and turn the home into a pleasant and personal nest, ideal for a free and dynamic life. In the late ‘80s Bassetti finds a new challenge. It starts a franchise project, with one-branded stores called â€Å"C’e Bassetti†: it’s the new way of marketing house linen. At the present time Bassetti is the most famous house linen and textile company, it has a network of shops across the whole national territory, it distributes its collections in Europe and exports in the whole world, promoting the value of the most qualified â€Å"made in Italy†, synonym of elegance and quality. Since 2001, Bassetti has merged with the Zucchi group. Always ready for challenges, Bassetti looks to the future, with ever increasing attention to distribution, the meeting point between producer and consumer. This is proved by the development of the franchising stores network that has reached the considerable number of 130 on the whole national territory and the policy of new store openings in Switzerland, Spain and Greece. AMBITION Dress the home with creativity It is our ambition, because we have always loved to play with imagination and creativity, and we like to think that in every home in Italy, our products express the taste and style of the people living there. Imagination is the ability to create and design products that cam make life â€Å"softer†; creativity, it’s our secret that makes then so loved. And those who love us find here their own creativity, discovering the simplicity of making. The Group today Bassetti is one of  Ã‚  Zucchi Group’s  most prestigious brands. The Group is comprised of series of production, creative and distribution facilities operating mainly in the home textile sector, dealing in finished product, semifinished textiles and ennobling services for third parties. The  Zucchi Group  also has a series of commercial subsidiaries operating in specific market niches and distributing abroad the four market leader brands in Italy and  France (Bassetti, Zucchi, Descamps and Jalla). A few prestigious Licenses complete the product range. [pic][pic]Bassetti Collections Playing with imagination, fantasy and colors, we create our collections to dress your home with ever new emotions! Live submerged in the wonderful landscapes, smells and sound of our La Natura, fill your hours of charm with the sensual and intriguing ideas of Granfoulard. Let the cheerfulness and vitality of Brio catch on to you, then surround yourself with the colors of In Tinta with your character and your life style! Discover the world of Bassetti Collections, where creativity and quality are woven together with experience and tradition, and choose the emotion in which to wrap yourself†¦ Bassetti lets the sunshine in — or shuts it out. The company manufactures a variety of natural and synthetic fiber textiles used in home-furnishing products such as curtains and drapes, towels, and linens. Bassetti also markets its own home textile products, which it sells through retail outlets, including its own chain of C’e Bassetti stores. Brands for its products include Brio, La Natura, and Intina. Although the company sells its products throughout Italy, the company derives a substantial amount of its revenue from exports. Bassetti is a subsidiary of Italian textile group Vincenzo Zucchi . [pic] How to cite Bassetti Italy, Papers

Building Corporate Accountability Emerging Practice †MyAssignmenthe

Question: Discuss about the Building Corporate Accountability for Emerging Practice. Answer: Introduction: Origin Australia and Westpac are among the big Australian companies operating in the energy industry and banking sector respectively. Westpac was established in the year 1917 in Sydney as the Bank of New South Wales (BNSW) being the first bank in Australia. It later changed the name to Westpac Banking Corporation in 1982. Its headquarters are located at Westpac Place, Sydney. It is ranked among the top four banks in Australia. The company has over 13.1 million customers with over 1429 branches ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). It is the second largest bank in Australian terms of assets. This, therefore, shows that this company has an influence on the Australian economy (Keating et al., 2008, pp. 17579). On the hand, Origin Energy is the leading Australian power provider both to homes and businesses. The company has its headquarters located in Sydney, Australia but running the business up to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. It specializes in exploring the energy, its production, power generation and electricity retailing; selling of energy to many households in Australia. The company has been in operation in the energy industry since its formation in the year 2000. At the moment, the company supplies electricity to over 4.2million customers in Australia and also produces and sales natural gas and LPG in the country. Origin is, therefore, an established company in Australian energy sector ("Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy," n.d.). Comparison of Origin Australia and Westpac Westpac has an established system of reporting the social and ethical performance. Its primary reporting tools are the website and the Stakeholder Impact Report. This report covers the social and moral metrics of the company; covering the issues of employees, the community, customers and the shareholders. Also, at Westpac, the data integrity of the Stakeholder Impact Report is beyond testing to ensure independence in their corporate responsibility ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). Besides, Westpac has set a sustainability committee which has been mandated to oversee and guide the business in the social, ethical and sustainable well-being of the organization. Through the committee, the company can handle and manage the ever-changing community expectations. The board manages all aspects of the ethical and social well-being of the company; including reviewing, overseeing, setting corporate standards and monitoring among others (Eisingerich Ghardwaj, 2011, pp. 1818). Westpac has also embedded its ethical and social sustainability in its strategy, and its values have gone ahead to be extended to the products, brand, and services. The organizations approach is based on the wider and integrated view of the CSR. Through this, the group has managed to convince most of its customers that Westpac is a strong brand in the market offering the best services in the industry ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). This has, therefore, the sustainability of Westpac and has even made the company to win many awards in Australia concerning its CSR practices. Origin releases sustainability reports annually since it is in the enterprise values to deliver this responsibility. The company uses Strategic Net Promoter Score as a customer satisfaction measure to establish its level of interaction with the stakeholders (Keating, et al., 2008, pp 17579). This, therefore, helps the company to get figures and understand the level of the social, ethical and sustainability performance level of the enterprise. The company has enhanced digital service to improve on the stakeholder's interactions with the enterprise. Also, the company has provided extended call center hours to improve customer satisfaction. Besides, Origin considers environmental conservation as a corporate social responsibility and has put a lot of efforts to ensure that it achieves this. It is currently the Australian provider leader in renewable and low carbon energy provider (Albareda, et al., 2007, pp. 391-407). Explanation for Difference in Social Responsibility Explanation of the differences in the range and number of ethical, social and sustainability issues handled at Origin Australia and Westpac can be attributed to their industry differences. The two organizations operate in different industries with Westpac working in finance and banking sector while Origin Australia is operating in Energy Industry. In as such much as some ethical, social issues may be common to the two industries, most of them are different because the two companies have different processes of carrying out their business with different organizational structures (Griffin Vivari, 2009, pp. 235-250). This differences in industries prompt the companies to formulate policies appropriate policies that suit them. This, therefore, brings differences in the sustainability reports of the two companies (Simnett, et al., pp. 937-967). Besides, the difference in the sustainability reports and range of issues handled between Origin Australia and Westpac can be explained to be associated with the difference in organizational culture that exists between the two organizations (Klarsfeld Delpuech, 2008). Different companies have different corporate cultures. This has effects on the way ethical and social issues are handled in a given company. Organizational culture influences the way employees of a given company to handle their problems. This, therefore, brings out the difference between the two businesses (Dey, 2007, pp.423-445). Zadek et al. (1997) outlined eight essential quality standards that can be used to examine whether the organizations are attaining the expected level of the social accounting procedures. The rules are applied to the company to determine whether the agency reports and audits that the accepted level (Potter Soderstrom, 2012). The key aspects mentioned in theory are stakeholder's inclusivity, comparatively with other organizations over a period, completeness of the report, continuous evolution, disclosure, external verification, Management policy and systems, and ongoing improvement. These eight aspects help us to care what the organization is currently doing in line with ethical and social sustainability and therefore establish their level (Guzzabocca, 2014). Origin Australia and Westpac Corporation are both working towards achieving an acceptable level of social accounting. This is evidenced by self-reports that they release occasionally. An examination of these companies as discussed above ethical, social and sustainability reports, shows that both companies have put efforts and they comply with most of the Zadoks standards in most aspects. The two companies have established CSR strategies and activities which they are implementing and showing efforts to achieve the Zadoks standards (Chin, 2013). Company values of Origin Australia and Westpac The values of Westpac Corporation are the integrity, one team, and achievement. These values have played a role guiding and moving the company towards its sustainability performance and thus become a leader in the industry in the entire of Australia. These values of Westpac Corporation play a critical role in helping it to achieve most of its targets in business. Ethical and social sustainability reports show a lot of efforts invested by the team which is eager to succeed and realizes their objectives (Buhr, 2007, pp. 57-69). The values of Westpac have also helped the company to work with flexible working hours to improve on customer service thus improving their satisfaction. Also, the values have contributed to increasing employee engagement and commitment, and thus enhanced their commitment towards improving the ethical and social sustainability of this company. It is, therefore, evident that the values of Westpac have played a significant role in promoting the corporate social responsibility of this business enterprise ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). On the other hand, Origin Energy has its values as caring, listening, learning and delivering. An analysis of the values of Origin Australia brings it out clear the companys commitment to providing the ethical and social sustainability expectations. The company considers caring and listening about the impacts of their services or actions on their customers, the community, their colleagues, environment and the shareholders. Embedding this important consideration of the CSR in the company values has a great positive impact on the ethical and social performance level of this organization. The values of the company influence the general organizational culture which in turn affects directly the way employees carry out their tasks and how they handle issues thus an impact on the ethical and social performance of the company ("Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy," n.d.). Group Discussions We held many meeting regarding this subject of CSR. We discussed the activities of CSR in the broad sense and the impact those CSR activities had on the overall sustainability and profitability of the company. We were suspicious about some activities in our environment and the entire country that seemed to be the CSR activities of some businesses in our nation. Out of this suspicion, we developed the interest of identifying the companies to research on their ethical and social sustainability. We, therefore, agreed to go and research on the various businesses that seemed appropriate for us to embark on their investigation into the CSR operations (Armstrong, 2012). In our meeting that followed, we presented our different findings on the two companies for our study and later on agreed to go for two organizations from Australia but various industries. We landed on Westpac Corporation and the Origin Australia. The group initially believed that the two companies only made partial efforts towards the ethical and social sustainability issues, but we realized after the investigation that the two companies significantly consider social sustainability and they have therefore put in a lot of efforts to achieve a greater of CSR performance (Crane Matten, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, ethical and social sustainability of companies is a critical aspect of business operation. Organizations should work to improve their interactions, care and listen to the actions of customers, their community, their colleagues, environment, and the shareholders. Such actions have an impact on the brand image in the market and therefore, in turn, have a bearing on the sustainability and profitability of the organization. Different businesses have varying levels of ethical and social sustainability measure in comparison to Zadeks standards. The difference in these standards is mainly attributed to the cultural differences and also to the industry differences. Most organizations have put a lot of efforts in improving their CSR because they understand the impact they have to the organization. Origin Australia and Westpac are good examples of those organizations that are striving to achieve an acceptable level of social accounting. They are mainly trying to embed CSR in their company values as a strategy to make the best. This has helped them to improve their sustainability and the overall profitability. References Albareda, Laura; Lozano, Josep M.; Ysa, Tamyko (2007). "Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe." Journal of Business Ethics.74(4): pp. 391407 Armstrong J, Scott G, Kesten C. (1 December 2012)."Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies" Journal of Business Research. Buhr, N (2007). InSustainability Accounting and Accountability pp. 57-69 Chin M.K., Trevio, Linda, Hambrick, Donald (2013). "Political Ideologies of CEOs: The Influence of Executives' Values on Corporate Social Responsibility. SAGE Journals. Johnson Cornell University Crane, A Matten, D, (2010). Business Ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization (3rd Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press Eisingerich A, Bhardwaj G. (2011)."Corporate Social Responsibility: Does Social Responsibility Help Protect a Company's Reputation?".MIT Sloan Management Review. 52 (March): pp. 1818. Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.originenergy.com.au/ Griffin J, Vivari B. (2009). Chapter 11: United States of America: Internal Commitments and External Pressures. In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility pp. 235-250. Guzzabocca L, (January 16, 2014).When a sustainable supply chain begins in Italy, GreenBiz. Retrieved from https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/01/16/when-sustainable-supply-chain-begins-italy Keating B, Qazi A, Kriz A, Coltman, T (2008). "In pursuit of a sustainable supply chain: insights from Westpac Banking Corporation," Supply Chain Management: an International Journal,13(3): pp. 17579 Keating, B, Qazi, A, Kriz, A, Coltman, T (2008). "In pursuit of a sustainable supply chain: insights from Westpac Banking Corporation," Supply Chain Management: an International Journal, 13 (3): pp. 17579 Klarsfeld, A. Delpuech, C. (2008). Hard law, soft law, weak law: the implications of the neo-institutional and social regulation theories on CSR and the distinction between hard and soft law, Working Paper, Toulouse Business School Potter, B Soderstrom, N (2012). 'Can integrated reports replace financial statements?' The University of Melbourne working paper. See C. Dey, (2007). 'Social Accounting at Tradecraft plc: A struggle for the meaning of fair trade,' Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal 20(3)pp.423 - 445. Simnett, R, Vanstraelen, A Chua, WF (2009). 'Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison,' The Accounting Review, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 937-967 Zadek, S., Pruzan, P. and Evans, R (1997). Building Corporate Accountability: Emerging Practice in Social and Ethical Accounting and Auditing. London: Earthscan. Westpac - Personal, Business, and Corporate Banking. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.westpac.com.au/

Census 2000 Essays - Survey Methodology, Sampling, Demography

Census 2000 The plan for the 2000 census will make an unprecendent effort to contact every living person living in the United States and will contact more people than in any previous census. With statistical methods for nonrespondents, the Census 2000 will be the most complete accounting of the U.S. population ever. Statistical Sampling should not be a partisan issue . It is an American issue. It's about making sure that every American really and literally counts. It's about gathering fair and accurate information that we absolutely have to have if we are going to determine who we are and what we have to do to prepare all our people for the 21st century. We do a census every 10 years. Even the first time, when Thomas Jefferson sent federal marshals on horseback, we relied on the system of going to the households to count these people (Riche 34). As the years continued on and the population grew, It began to be more time consuming and progressively more expensive. In 1970, we started counting people by mail. We asked that Americans fill out the census forms and then send them back for processing (Riche 34). This is the current method in use. We know that the census missed 8 million Americans living in inner-cities and in remote rural areas in 1990 (Clinton par.3 ). We also know that we double-counted 4 million Americans, many of whom had their own home (Riche 34). The census missed 482,738 in the state of Texas; 66,748 of them in Houston alone (Clinton par. 3). With the current method of the census, the problem are not getting solved. Congress concluded in 1990 that the census failed on two grounds: It cost too much and measured two few people (Riche 35). Inaccurate information causes some of the biggest problems. For example, the United way recieves generous grants for very wealthy individuals. If the census is inaccurate, then it has an indirect effect on private investments of peoples' and governments' investments as well (Clinton par. 6). More than half of the under-counted in the last census were children(Clinton Par.4). A disproportionate number of under-counted Americans were minorities. That means some of our most vulnerable populations routinely are omitted when it comes time to providing federal funds for critical services (Riche 35). An inaccurate census distorts our understanding of the needs of our people and, in many respects, diminishes the quality of life not just for them, but for the rest of us as well (FAQ of statistical sampling). The WIC program is a great example. The Congress and the President have had a good success in getting a bypatisan majority to put more money into the program. But the funds, once appropriated, can only flow where they're needed if there is an accurate count of where the kids are (Clinton par.9). So, ironically, no matter how much money we appropriate for WIC, unless we actually can track where the children are, the program will be less than fully sucessful(Clinton par. 9). Hispanic Americans are expected to triple in the next 50 years, comprise almost 100 million residents( Census Report 1994). And interestingly, those populations are located in five of the six largest states of this country--Texas being one of them. Those five states comprise 170 electorial votes, 63 percent. In fact there is another 8 states that have large Hispanic populations. It is very possible that Hispanics hold the key to the future to the electorial college and the presidency. Getting an accurate count for aid is vital to this district which is composed of about 100,000 hispanic (1990 Census). Cost is another problem with the current method. In 1970, using the number of households counted divided into the total cost of census and adjusting for inflation, the cost was 10 dollars per household (Riche 35). The 1990 census cost 25 dollars (Riche 35). The census is very critical to the budget. The cost is staggering-- $4 billion is what expected in the year 2000 (FAQ of statistical sampling). And, again, that includes sampling. So we know if sampling is not allowed for, that cost may even rise another $700 milllion (Riche 35). Thats's a staggering amount, yet at the same-- the repercussions are

Governance Tort and Self Regulation Essay

Governance Tort and Self Regulation Essay Governance: Tort and Self Regulation Essay REGULATION OF BUSINESS Week 6 Recap ï‚ ¨ Control and monitoring of business activities: Governance Concept of governance meaning, elements and what amounts to good governance Corporate governance – internal organisation and management of a company – – – – Key aspects of accountability, transparency Main theories – principle/agent approach Stakeholder theory Corporate governance in UK Cadbury 1992 to UK Combined Code 2010 Key factor – primarily internal control and self regulating codes of conduct. Critique – impact/effect of process Regulation of Business Outline ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Control and monitoring of business activities: Regulation of Business – Judicial Control ï‚ ¤ Governmental Regulation ï‚ ¤ Self Regulation ï‚ ¤ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Judicial control (general obligations) Government Regulation (statute law, agencies, penalties, government agenciesminimum standards, buyers choice). ï‚ ¤ Government regulation and relations with business – (tort, customers – protection, standards – prevention – penalties, criminal sanctions, punitive damages). Regulation in Business External focus Mainly governmental Why do governments regulate business activity? Protect the interests parties other than decision makers (3rd parties) How? 1. Compensation for loss, injury, contractual breaches, human rights 2. Information and choice to buyers and consumers 3. Establishing minimum standards of conduct for business in relation to 3rd parties Regulation in Business Compensation ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Regulating business activity through Compensation: General obligations: Personal injury and property damage are violations of individual rights – â€Å"torts† e.g. Negligence (an unintended act or omission which results in injury) The state sets the standards Individuals may enforce ï‚ ¤ Compensation for loss, injury suffered ï‚ ¤ Compensation forces business to maintain a â€Å"duty of care† ï‚ ¤ Regulation in Business Compensation ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Contractual obligations: Compensation for breach of promise ï‚ ¤ put the â€Å"injured† party in the position they would be if the contract had been performed ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Compensation – deterrent i.e. an incentive for companies to act appropriately Is this always enough? Regulation in Business ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Damages to punish? Court powers Government Regulation and powers Court Power Court power to impose damages in addition to those required to compensate for loss or injury Likely if obligations are breached intentionally or recklessly Punitive Damages ï‚ ¤ Available in the UK? ï‚ ¤ Regulation in Business ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Compensation – damages for a past event/injury. Government – How to prevent future violations? Control business activity through prevention Statute law (legislation)* (see e.g. Consumer Protection) Government agencies Buyer choice - competition Monitoring activity ï‚ ¤ Preventative process ï‚ ¤ Penalties ï‚ ¤ Regulation of Business ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Quality Standards Elements to protect buyers from harm complements competition, regulation and disclosure – not always sufficient Quality standards Imposed on suppliers, sellers ï‚ ¤ Procedures ï‚ ¤ Production of goods and services International Governmental Regulation Protection and enforcement domestic, regional, international. Domestic – judicial/government o E.g. Tort law, Consumer Protection Act Regional e.g. European Union o Treaties, regulations e.g. Health & safety, directives e.g. Product Liability Directive International o o International Standards Organisation (ISO) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – product liability policy ) (harmonisation) Regulation in Business – Business Self Regulation ï‚ ¨ ï‚ ¨ Non-governmental methods of controlling business conduct: Commercial relationships o ï‚ ¨ Corporate reputations o ï‚ ¨ Long/short

Sampleing Under Pressure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sampleing Under Pressure - Assignment Example A simple randomized sampling strategy was used to provide an estimate of the total number of species inhabiting the ecosystem. Table 1 below shows the summary of the number of species discovered from the forest and their exact population in the sample areas. According to this data, the total number of species identified is 42 % lower than the expected number, which is 42, according to the lab manual. The data also shows that more than a half of the total number of species discovered has a population of greater than three in the whole sampling area. This low frequency number may be accounted by the nature of sampling strategy used, which aimed at getting a diverse and species rich data. To provide an estimated number of the species present in the habitat a cumulative number of new species discovered in each sample was recorded. This cumulative number was plotted against the number of samples as shown in figure 1 below. The slope of the graph shows an increasing number of new species discovered with an increase in the number of the samples collected. This association is not observed after the tenth sample where further increase in the number of samples has insignificant effect on the number of new species found. This is perhaps at this point the number of new species is nearly exhausted. A general rule to determine the total number of species can be formulated from the shape of the plot. For instance, the total number of species can be determined by taking ten samples, doubling the cumulative number of new species and subtracting 10 (the number of samples taken). This rule however, has an error margin of 4.7 percent and still needs further validation. When applied in this lab, the rule gives an estimated number of 40 species, which is relatively closer to the exact number of species in the habitat. There are several sampling schemes that can be used to collect data in different case studies of this nature. For

Democratic Party and Republican Party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democratic Party and Republican Party - Essay Example They rather use a self-defending approach, or try to plea to the broadest range of the voters. The republican have some work to do on both sides of the strategies. There are few similarities also between the two rival candidates. Republican candidate McCain from Arizona and Democratic candidate Barack Obama from Illinois; both the nominees of the major parties are fighting to attain support from maximum voters. McCain was in Virginia, looking to turn out the vote in a state that normally votes republican but appears to be siding with Obama. While, Obama was enjoying a lead in national polls, he sought a knockout punch in Nevada, Colorado and Missouri that went for George W. Bush in 2004. Barack Obama's efforts to get the support of the Sunshine State's hugely diverse electorate on Tuesday could prove decisive. Obama has held massive rallies throughout Florida as he seeks to pries the Sunshine State from its eight year republican grip, a move that could wrap up the election in his favor on Tuesday. Obama is ahead in states such as Nevada and North Carolina. Iowa and New Mexico are likely to move into the democratic column and Obama campaign is confident in chances in western states. If he has a good night on Tuesday he could even pick up Georgia, Montana and North Dakota.

Bipolar disorder Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bipolar disorder - Term Paper Example Bipolar disorder falls among the oldest illnesses, which are known. The recognition of the disorder was during the second century and the discovery was in a Turkey’s city. The findings were not noticed and neither were they substantiated up to the year 1650, when Richard Burton, a scientist wrote his book called The Anatomy of Melancholia. The book majorly laid much emphasis on depression. The findings of the scientist are still used today even by fields related to mental health (Brent and Pan, 2008). In the year 1952, a journal article was written that critically analyzed the disorder’s heredity. The article showed that manic depression is capable of being passe own in families that already have patients with the disorder. In 1960’s, several people with bipolar disorder were placed at a given institution and provided with little financial help since the Congress refused to acknowledge that manic depression is a legitimate illness. However, during the 1970â€℠¢s, laws were enacted and besides, standards were put into place to aid the afflicted individuals. Similarly, in the year 1979, National Association of Mental Health was established (Reich, Clayton and Winokur, 1969). During the 1980’s, research was finally capable of distinguishing between childhood as well as adult bipolar disorder. Presently, a number of studies are still needed to unravel the possible causes as well as the probable means of treating the illness (Baloch & Soares, 2010). Generally, bipolar disorder develops when an individual is approaching his late teens although it also develops when individuals approaches their adulthood. However, there are a number of cases commences before the age of 25 (Kessler et al, 2005). In a number of individuals, first symptoms occur during their childhood, while in others, symptoms may develop very late in their lives. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder is done after individuals report their experiences; however, it may also be done after friends, family members and co-workers detect an abnormality. Secondary signs of the illness may be detected by clinical psychologist, social workers, psychiatrist, nurses, and also through clinical evaluation. However, the diagnosis of the condition is dependent on the presence as well as the duration of specific signs as well as symptoms (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). For an individual having bipolar disorder to be diagnosed correctly, it takes roughly 20 years. In approximately 37% of patients, bipolar disorder is usually diagnosed erroneously since it is always mistaken for unipolar depression. Surveys also prove that about 50% of individuals suffering from the disorder fail to take the medications that are prescribed (Brent & Pan, 2008). In general, the problem is not caused by the patient, though impaired judgment offer powerful incentives for skipping the medication. In order to control the disorder, drugs should be used. However, the drugs have side effects, which include g aining of weight as well as cognitive dulling (Young et al., 1978). In about 90% of marriages, that involves partners with bipolar disorder result into divorce due to the diseases adverse effects. Moreover, researchers have made estimation that about 40 percent of individuals having the disorder abuse drugs. Researchers also state that approximately 15 to 25% of individuals ha

General Psychology Of Sex And Gender Psychology Essay

General Psychology Of Sex And Gender Psychology Essay The topics I have chosen for consideration of psychological research are language, and sex and gender. The approaches taken will be analysed the topic in general terms and not to focus on one particular aspect at detailed levels. It points to the lack of a conclusive answer which is caused by Psychology as a discipline being relatively young and still in early stages with a lack of adequately strong theories that might assist to connect otherwise contrasting perspectives co existing. The report concludes that different perspectives within psychology can coexist at times, though conflict is frequent throughout. Sex and Gender The Psychology of sex and gender is one the most topical, important and engaging subjects that psychology, it illustrates many of the difficult issues that psychological explanations must address, including the political implications of different perspectives and the challenging of integrating explanations. It has been a controversial topic since the inception of psychology as a discipline and it powerful illustrates some of the diverse approaches with the field. A deliberation of how psychology approaches the analysis of sex and gender discloses four psychological perspectives, these are: Biological sex differences: Explaining the differences between male and female and biological correlates of behaviour. Investigations ere conducted through scientific processes Evolutionary psychology: Explaining the differences in the behaviour between the sexes in terms of behavioural selection for reproductive fitness. Test are conducted empirically Social constructionist theory: Gender differences between the sexes through the study of discourse in various historical, cultural and social contexts and so is hermeneutic. Psychoanalytic psychology: Development and meaning of sexual differences. Studies are largely done through clinical observation. Direct impressions of the four perspectives are objects of knowledge of each of the perspectives are all valid and useful in general psychology of sex and gender,. They pose somewhat different questions, have different objects of knowledge and use different notions of evidences. These perspectives may be complementary, conflicting however the scope for co-existence is not transparent. Given that the perspectives do not share common objects of knowledge, however is there can be an underlying hope for complementary theories in which together they all contribute to a broad understanding. Sex refer to the biological basis of differences between the sexes, where as gender refers to social constructed categories pertaining to these differences. Assigning a sex to humans can sometimes be a complex process, biological characteristics such as genetics and hormonal used to designate male or female, can be unreliable in small proportions of case, due to genetic abnormalities, such as, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) and Klinefelterss Syndrome ((XXY) (OU, p137) The biological and evolutionary perspectives certainly seem complementary at theoretic level in which both consider biological sex as the fonudation for gender and view conflicts between sexes as biological characteristics that have been cycled through during evolution. Evolutionary psychologists argue that sexual selections and the different optimal reproductive styles of our male female ancestors have results in some differences in the behavioural predispositions of the two sexes. These are seen to particularly apparent in the area of sexual behaviours and attitudes. Buss (1992), found while both sexes reported experiencing jealousy at the though of their partner being involved with another person, there were differences in the focus of their concerned. OU,p145) In humans, unlike in other animals, clear differences in brain structures that correlate with differences in adult behaviour patterns have proven difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless, imaging studies show some sex differences in brain functioning of Western adults. This is probably due, at least in part, to the brains plasticity.(Giedd et al, 1999) )p140). While some sex differences are clearly established at birth for most individuals, bodies and brained may become gendered over lifetime of use. A explanations would appear to be consistent with research findings from cross-cultural differences in male and females sexual behaviours, which Allen and Gorski, 1990 study has backed (OU, p139) Nevertheless, biological psychology sets out to explain differences with in male and female psychology in terms of chosen physiological features, e.g. dimorphism in brain structures ( Hofman and Swaab, 1991,OU p.139). Additionally the evolutionary psychologists would primarily contend in favour of selected behavioural features such as differences between sexual attitudes between the sexes ( Clark and Hatfield, 1989, OU p.146). Thus, in that respect a conflict is apprent at the level of analysis, hence it is ironic that evolutionary psychology must dependently coinside with biological psychology since, given the intelligible complusions on its capacity to carryout the types of empirical reserach that might could be hoped for (Herrnstein-Smith, 2000,, OU p.141), it is dependent on a particulr amount of certification from the biological perspective, amongst others (OU, 2007, pp.184). From a social constructionist point of view, they regard sex and gender as features that are declared only through discourse and action. These are repercussion, of the individuals behaviour and experience within a cultural, social and historical context. The depth of the conflict is illustrated by a comparison of evolutionary studies that stress cross-cultural stability in particular sexual preferences ( Buss and Schmitt, 1993, OU, p.148, ) and social constructionist ideas such as Sandra Bem, who developed the idea of the cultural lens of musicality and femininity. This lens is a way of perceiving the world that makes behaviour and experiences gendered, this is called the Gender Schema Theory (1994, Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.153). According to the social constructionist perspectives, biological sex is not central to explaining what it is to be a man or a women, rather it is a signpost to which a whole set of us socially constructed gender differences are attached. In this account, social constructionist created discourse about masculinity and femininity are used by individual to create their own gendered subject positions. Whereas the biological and evolutionary perspectives correspond that biological sex consists at the center of explaining gender, the social constructionist perspective categorically rejects that notion, primarly for political reasons. In relation to Sex and Gender, political differences are often exposed when conflicting accounts of differences occur. Gender and sexuality came to be seen, through Freuds work, as having far-reaching implications for the development of it self. It largely correlates the social constructionist, in conditions of its interpretive or hermeneutic methodology. Therefore both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives dispute with the biological and evolutionary persptetives at the methodological level of understanding. Contrastingly however the psychoanalysis perspective acknowledges that both biological and cultural contributions to its hypothesis make up, though it is not without its share of difference however. Within the perspective, a important critical developments in the psychoanalytic theory sex and gender includes Freuds notion for the symbolic significance of the penis( and penis envy) quickly came under scrutiny from feminist psychologists to scientific practices, through Freud failure to consider the significant of womens genitals. (OU, Horney, 1926, , 2007, p.164). Language and Meaning There are three main perspectives used to examine the complex area of language, these are: Theory Methods Themes. These perspectives focus on different aspects of language including evolutionary developments of languages, the processing of languages and the construction of meaning through interaction. From the study of language and meaning, an evenly conniving combination of possible co-existence, complementory and conflicting aspects can be found when comparing the three principal perspectives. The evolutionary perspective sets out to explore language to understand how are related structurally and historically, how they are used differently by various social and cultural groups and how languages is used to communicate and create meaning. Language is the main medium for communication between humans beings and where we express, explore and pursue those goals that mean most to us . It can be concvied to view the three perspectives as at to the lowest degree co-existent. Their objectives of knowledge are different and one could anticipate their cumulative intentions to contribute to some sort of merged theroy Nevertheless, the possible conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is disclosed in how they consider meaning as the object of knowledge. For the congntive view it is something whihc is manufactured internally by the individual before transmission, and subsequently rebuilt by the whoever present viewing. For the social view it is negotiated as a consequence of discourse between individuals, in which meaning emerges as the result of a complex exchange of intentions, interpretations and power-relations. Therefore, there is cause for discrepancy, as to what meaning is and where it comes from (Sperber and Wilson 1986, OU, p100). It therefore approprant to rationalise a claim of conflict since the types of meaning adopted by the two perspectives are themselves contratsting. A major social constructionist disagreement with a formulist cognitive perspective is that cognitive processes cannot be transparently reported. The argument is one that cognitive psychologist have long noted. Talking about early research into the cognitive modelling of language Boden (1977, pp.113ff, et passim) notes that a persons comprhendion of language in a given instance is dependent, not merely from their knowledge of the einviroment surrounding them, but importantly on their understanding of their relationship with who they communicate with. Within the evolutionary perspective there is also a argument as to whether language evolved as an adaptation advantage and was the foundation for other cognitive abilities. Pinker (1994) believes that languages may have evolved through natural selection, perhaps in conjunction with other cognitive abilities, OU, p83) or as a reaction of selection for an ability to form our Metarepresentation (Sperber, 2000, p.86). These are contradictory and conflicting views.. The major differences between psychological methods based on natural science principles and those based those on hermeneutic principles means that preservatives based on these methods may have difficulty achieving more than uneasy coexistence. Psychologists do not always abide on such significant basic principle. The questions they posture can often be hard to extract without abridging the prognostic ability of whatever solution, in comparion to physics or chemisty which can be measured through of year thousands of years evidence, psychology on the other hand as a recognisable discipline has been prenst of litte over a hundread years. A inevitable conclusion is that psychology is characterised by perspectives that are present at more then one level on conflict, co-existenct or complementtory aspects, No perspective on its own can tell the whole story. The perspectives and levels of analysis and explanations cannot just be combined without an account of how they interact.

Poverty and Voting in America Essay -- American United States Politics

Review of the Literature: For my topic of research, the dynamics of poverty and voting in America, I used a vast number of sources in an attempt to produce the most accurate and broad discussion possible. The sources I believe to be the most reliable were: 1) the scholarly works (Friedman; Raskin), which were purely scientific and did not include political biases, but rather examined the facts from as neutral a point of view as possible; 2) the government reports (DeNavas-Walt; Dept. of Commerce; Dept. of Labor, McNeil), which also appeared to be politically neutral and created in a scientific fashion. These two types of sources mainly provided statistics on voting and poverty numbers through charts and graphs. The next set of sources came from less reliable media (â€Å"Election†; Loughlin; Wetherell), but still were purely observational and not opinionated. They came from online news sites, so they cannot be considered as academic as the first set, but the type of articles they are leaves little for the author’s own opinion. They also weren’t intentionally targeting a specific political party or ideology. The following set of sources hint of bias in the way they present their information, but the information itself seems scientific (Cervantes; Drum; Piven). These sources integrate some liberal opinions of the information into the material; however, they give seemingly accurate facts. â€Å"America,† James, and Wicker make up the next group of sources, which aren’t necessarily biased, but are more opinionated than factual. Facts are provided, but the authors’ ideas play a large part in these works. They are fairly neutral politically, however, and look at government more as a whole; both political parties are criticize... ...rg. 2005. Center for Community Change. 1 March 2006 . ProjectVote.org. 2004. Project Vote. 1 March 2006 . Raskin, Jamin B. â€Å"Race, Poverty and the ‘Wealth Primary.’† Poverty & Race. 6.2 (1997): 1-5. Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. Sood, Suemedha. â€Å"You don’t need a home to vote.† Alternet.com. 26 August 2004. Independent Media Institute. 1 March 2006 . Wetherell, Derrick. â€Å"The Bush 100: Center Releases Report on Bush’s Top Appointees.† Publicintegrity.org. 14 January 2002. The Center for Public Integrity. 12 February 2006 . Wicker, Tom. â€Å"Delivering the Vote.† New York Times. 15 August 1971, E15 (1 page).

Arellano University Essay

The Jose Abad Santos Campus was formerly called Jose Abad Santos High School. The first Arellano University branch established in Pasay City, it was founded in 1945. Dr. Fidel Colmenar was its first director. Next came Mr. Leonardo Tensuan, who served for 23 years, and under whose leadership as director, JASHS reached the height of progress. Mrs. Felicidad Crisologo, the first woman director of the school, replaced him and continued the work guiding the faculty in preparing students for a brighter future. After six years, Mr. Manuel Lansang took over the school management. He was succeeded in 1998 by Miss Zenaida Lobregat who introduced innovations and technological updates to equip both students and teachers for the challenges of the third millennium. Computer-aided instruction was introduced in 1998-1999 and since then, the one-computer-one student system has been implemented. In 1986, the college department of AU in Pasay, which was originally established in the Apolinario Mabini High School compound at the corner of Donada and Menlo Streets, transferred to the JASHS campus with the AU President Francisco Cayco himself as officer-in-charge. In 1996, Atty. Samson Turingan served as college OIC until 1999. Miss Lobregat then became managing director of both the high school and college departments of the AU Pasay campus. At present, Ms. Rosalinda Santiago serves as the high school principal and Dr. Leonila A. Santos as college administrator. The AU JAS campus has always been proud of its graduates? who are now statesmen, educators, doctors, nurses, accountants, engineers, computer experts, businessmen, journalists, lawyers, overseas contract workers, restaurateurs, priests, technicians, sportsmen, actors, responsible parents, productive citizens. The school administration, in cooperation with its stakeholders (competent faculty and employees, conscientious parents, students and the community) has been at its best in exerting efforts to implement the present thrust of the Department of Education and the Commission on Higher Education to ably guide values-oriented learners and graduates. With its vision of becoming the model University for innovative, progressive, and entrepreneurial education, and its mission of providing affordable quality education, Arellano University-Jose Abad Santos Campus contributes its share in nation-building through the improvement of the Filipino intellect. College The School of Computer Science of Arellano University aims to produce competent programmers in the field of Information Technology who can play a productive role both in the practical and research areas of computing. Emphasis is put on the practical application of computer systems to meet the needs of the global industry. The SCS specializes in the following areas: Database and Multimedia Systems Programming Language and Compiler Construction Software Engineer and Software Quality Control Distributed System and Communication System Web Publishing, Web Casting and Web Hosting Computer education plays a crucial role in the techno-industrial and socio-economic growth of every country. It has, in fact, revolutionized the world around us. Today, we need computer experts in almost all walks of life, be it in the industry, R&D organization or in the academic institution. The graduate of AU SCS meets the highest standard of training for diverse areas of computer science. Faculty expertise is relevant to both the Software and Hardware industry. The ICS-AU has a number of laboratories equipped with the state-of-the-art computer systems running along a wide range of applications with specialized software supporting the courses. The BS degree in Computer Science offers the prospects of some of the most lucrative jobs available both here and abroad. Some of our graduates have joined multinational companies while others are pursuing higher studies at foreign universities of international repute. By joining the AU SCS, you enter a futuristic career of great promise. MISSION & VISION MISSION To provide equitable access to learning through relevant, innovative, industry-sensitive and environment-conscious academic programs and services. VISION To be a model institution of learning where relevant knowledge is acquired and skills are developed in response to the needs of the global community.

Conjugating Diriger (to Direct) in French

Conjugating Diriger (to Direct) in French In French, the verb  diriger  means to direct. Its a simple word, though conjugating it to the past, present, or future tense can be a little tricky. Thats because there are a few spelling changes that you need to watch out for. Dont worry, though, a  quick lesson will show you how to handle this verb. Conjugating the French Verb  Diriger Diriger  is a  spelling change verb  and it follows the pattern of other verbs that end in -ger. This includes  dà ©ranger  (to disturb)  and  bouger  (to move), among others. The spelling change is subtle  but important. As you study the table of conjugations, notice how a few forms follow the G with an I rather than an E. This is done to ensure that the G is pronounced with a soft sound because certain vowels typically change it to a hard sound. With that in mind, simply match the subject pronoun with the present, future, or imperfect past tense. For instance, I direct is je dirige and we will direct is nous dirigerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dirige dirigerai dirigeais tu diriges dirigeras dirigeais il dirige dirigera dirigeait nous dirigeons dirigerons dirigions vous dirigez dirigerez dirigiez ils dirigent dirigeront dirigeaient The Present Participle of  Diriger To change  diriger  to the  present participle, add -ant  to the verb stem to create  dirigeant. This is quite versatile as it acts as a verb, adjective, gerund, or noun as needed. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense directed is with the passà © composà ©. To form this, add the  past participle  dirigà ©Ã‚  to the subject pronoun and appropriate conjugation of the  auxiliary verb  avoir. For example, I directed is jai dirigà © and we directed is nous avons dirigà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and the past participle does not change. More Simple  Diriger  Conjugations There may also be times when you need to use one of the following conjugations. The subjunctive verb mood is useful when there is some degree of uncertainty to the verb. Likewise, the conditional is used when it may or may not happen because the action depends on something. Those are used more often than the other two forms. Its likely that you will only encounter the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dirige dirigerais dirigeai dirigeasse tu diriges dirigerais dirigeas dirigeasses il dirige dirigerait dirigea diriget nous dirigions dirigerions dirigemes dirigeassions vous dirigiez dirigeriez dirigetes dirigeassiez ils dirigent dirigeraient dirigrent dirigeassent To express  diriger  in commands or requests, use the imperative form. When doing so, the subject pronoun is not required, so you can use dirige rather than  tu dirige. Imperative (tu) dirige (nous) dirigeons (vous) dirigez

Comparison of bombing of pearl harbor to sept. 11 essays

Comparison of bombing of pearl harbor to sept. 11 essays When President Franklin Roosevelt stated that December 11, 1941 was A date that would live in infamy he was referring that even years from that date Americans would look back and remember that fateful day. It was the first of only two attacks ever made on the United States. The attack was from Japan under the eye of the naval commander and chief Admiral Isoruku Yamomoto. Little did FDR know that December 11 would not be the only infamous day in our history. When Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto stated, I fear we have only awakened a sleeping giant, and his reaction will be terrible he knew trouble was on the way. After he saw the United States would have vengeance he knew the Giant was going to wreak its vengeance. Yet was his attack on the United States justified? Even though the trade embargoes and restrictions were tuff and hurting to the Japanese people a full out air attack was not justified in my opinion. Both the events on December 11, 1941 and September 11, 2001 were unexpected. Even though we had prior intelligence to both attacks the information was ignored. The United States Government could have prevented both attacks if they used all available Intel resources. Both attacks were also very devastating in casualties. Yet, both attacks strengthened our great nation to fight. It brought out the patriotism to get the Evil doers as President Bush calls them. Bush and Roosevelt acted quite the same. Both of the men were outraged by the attacks and they vowed vengeance. They both went to congress to issue war declarations. Franklin Roosevelt successfully led us through WWII and our President Bush will lead us successfully through the War on terrorism. ...

Mckinsey 7's internal analysis of KONE Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mckinsey 7's internal analysis of KONE - Article Example KONE Corporation has an articulate organizational structure designed to ensure that the company performs well (Gandhi, Selladurai & Santhi, 2006, p. 41). The organization has a two-tier structure, representing two business lines: New Equipment Business and Service Business. The organization further divides its structure into five regions in which it has a presence: Central and North Europe, Greater China, Americas, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East and Western and Southern Europe. Its president, who is also the Chief Executive Officer, heads the entire organization, and enjoys the assistance of different managers heading the departments of Customer Experience, Finance, Human Resource, Marketing and Communications, Safety Quality and Installation, Legal Affairs and Strategic Alliances (KONE in brief, n.d, n.p). KONE Corporation has invested in the latest technology for purposes of manufacturing its products and in delivering its services since technological advancements make operational processes more efficient (Hanafizadeh & Ravasan, 2011, p 51). In addition, it has adopted the use of technology to ensure that administrative services at the organization are effective. KONE, being a global leader in the escalator and elevator industry, ensures that it updates its systems so that the customer has the best experience when using its products. The organization rolled out the People Flow experience which ensures that people using KONE products are able to shop smoothly, comfortably, safely and without delays caused by waiting in queues for space (KONE in brief, n.d, n.p). The values shared at KONE are simple to understand and follow (KONE.com, 2014, n.p). The first one is Customer Delight. This entails ensuring that the customer receives the best services and working to exceed the expectations of the customers. KONE stays with their customers throughout its product’s life cycle to assist whenever the need to do so

Knowledge and Innovation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Knowledge and Innovation Systems - Essay Example The deliberations of the study seemed to concur with the view that KM does seem to have beneficial results in business especially in the areas of seeking new knowledge sure through training methods, group dynamics, use of advanced technology like intranet and centralising the knowledge asset resources like electronic archives and library sources. Studies does seem to concur that KM could increasingly be used for business needs and although in a restricted sense in today's world would definitely be very useful management tool in later years with gainful popularity and benefits through wider usage. In today's world where competition is key element, knowledge management has significant role to play in the success of an organisation. Knowledge management refers to use and mange the knowledge for accomplishing the objectives of organisation. Proper knowledge management is required for innovating new ideas and projects. Researches show that, the main reason for the failure of most of the projects of different organisation was the lack of proper knowledge management. The organizations are supposed to promote the habit of knowledge management as it can contribute much for new innovations. ... Knowledge management can help in the introduction of products and market expansion thereby helping the organisation to increase the revenue. Available data and information are the best of source of knowledge. Knowledge management plays key role in innovation. And also knowledge management is closely related to innovation. If the organizations failed in any area, it should be ready to accept the failure and treat the failure as the ways to success. Knowledge management helps failed organizations to make changes and be successful. Knowledge management and innovation can improve the overall performance of the organisation. The relationship between Knowledge and Innovation: Knowledge refers to what a person knows or understands about a particular subject. A person can improve his knowledge by reading and experience. The term innovation refers to introducing new ideas or thing keeping invention as a base. Before discussing the relationship between knowledge and innovation, it is important know the difference between innovation and invention. The word invention refers to finding or discovering a new idea or thing which nobody has discovered yet. Burt innovation refers to introducing something in a different way which has been invented by some others. In other words, innovation refers to bringing into existence or practically implementing the ideas of some others. For example Charles Babbage was the real idea behind the invention of computer. But he did not create a computer. It was designed or created later by some others. Without knowledge innovation is impossible. Because for innovation a foundation called knowledge is required. If anyone is analysing the background of any

Managing a Global Team Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing a Global Team - Term Paper Example This induced resentment towards the manager as well as the whole company. UAE team also complained that they did not have much face-to-face time with their immediate boss, James. Direct contact is important with the team leader no matter how geographically apart the two ends are. Employees need to be appreciated and motivated by their leader rather than just designated their tasks. James was not able to manage the difference in time zones while conducting his weekly meeting. Although it was a good approach to get everyone together on one platform once a week but it was not handled in the most appropriate manner. The time of the meeting forced the Indian team to work till 22:00 at times. This proved to make their days excessively long when their day already started as early as 6:30 IST. The early morn presence was also important because they had to be briefed about the work before the US office closed down. James was not able to see everyone’s problems therefore he was not able to provide them effective solutions. ‘We against them’ attitude was generated among the team members as a result of their issues and resentment. Another mistake that was done by James in terms of discussing issues was that all the team members were not made a part of the discussion in the emails. The US team would be a part of the email threads that would discuss important matters. The other teams complained that they were the last ones to be included in the emails to simply notify them of the solutions and decisions that had taken place. This way they did not get a chance to become a part of the discussions and just had to accept the solution that would be decided by James and US team. This kind of an approach is not suitable in the management of global teams since email correspondence is one the most common modes of communication. The team members are not able to meet in their daily routines in the cafeterias etc to discuss

Road to Independence Notes Essay Example for Free

Road to Independence Notes Essay People are reconsidering the policy of colonialism. 1. After WWII, people questioned whether dictatorship was a good idea. 2. â€Å"All nations should be free from the power of other nations. † 3. Keeping colonies had a high cost. It wasn’t worth it. 4. Colonized people pressed harder for freedom. Ex: British-held India II. A Movement Toward Independence A. The Indian’s strive to freedom intensifies. 1. British had power over India for 2 centuries. 2. Britain drafted Indians into WWII in 1939 without the consent of the the colony’s representatives. . Gandhi launched civil disobedience and many who followed were arrested. 4. To gain favor of the Indians, Britain promised government changes after WWII, but didn’t offer freedom. Besides colonialism, India struggles with internal conflict. 1. They have religious disagreements. 350 million Hindus 100 million Muslims 2. The Congress Party (aka Indian National Congress: India’s national political party) was made up mostly of Hindus, and a few Muslims. C. The Muslim League is created. 1. The Muslim League (1906) is the organization against the mostly Hindu Congress Party, aimed to protect Muslim interest. . (The leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah asked all Muslims to leave the Congress party. He would not accept independence from Britain if it meant staying under Hindu rule. III. Freedom Brings Turmoil A. The decision of who receives power is being made. 1. The British lost much wealth after WWII, and was ready to turn over their power, since keeping up with colonies was costly. 2. The power will either be given to Hindus or Muslims. B. Muslims resisted Hindu domination. 1. Rioting broke out and in 1946, there were 20,000 casualties in a 4 day clash in Calcutta. C. Pakistan was created. 1. To maintain peace, Britain decided to partition (division of Indian religions into separate nations; idea first brought up by Muslims) India. 2. North western and eastern part of India became Pakistan which was dominated by Muslims. D. Everything in India was being divided. 1. British granted India and Pakistan a month of independence in July 16, 1947. 2. Princes had to decide which nation they’d join. 3. The civil service (courts, military, railways, police) was divided. 4. The differing religions had to decide where to go. E. One million people died during the move to their new nation. 1. Muslims killed Sikhs moving to India. 2. Sikhs and Hindus killed Muslims going to Pakistan. 3. Gandhi went to the Indian capital (Delhi) to ask for mercy, but was killed by a hindu extremist in January 30, 1948. F. Hindus and Muslims fight for Kashmir. 1. Kashmir is at the northern point of India next to Pakistan. 2. It had a Hindu ruler, but the majority of people living there was Muslim. 3. Fighting continued until UN arranged cease-fire in 1949. 4. One-third went to Pakistan (Muslims) and the rest to India (Hindus). IV. Modern India A. India has become the world’s largest democracy. 1. India gained independence in August 15, 1947. 2. Jawaharlal Nehru (the independent nation’s first prime minister) addressed India’s freedom. B. Nehru is the leader. 1. He served the first 17 years of India’s independence as leader. 2. He was a devoted follower of Gandhi. 3. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization, and became very popular with all Indian groups. C. Nehru pushed India forward. 1. He led newly independent nations into making alliances with other non aligned nations. 2. He reorganized the states by language and pushed for industrialization and social reform. 3. He raised the status of those in lower class (lower castes and women). D. A new leader came. 1. Nehru died in 1964. 2. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister in 1966, left office, and was re elected in 1980. E. Challenges set on Indira caused more violent acts and death. 1. Sikh extremists wanted an independent state. 2. The Golden Temple was the Sikh’s religious center. 3. The Sikhs attacked symbols of Indian authority, so Indians troops overran the Golden Temple, killing 500 Sikhs and destroying sacred property. 4. Indira was gunned down by Sikh bodyguards and another murder spree occurred, killing thousands of Sikhs. . Indira’s son, Rajiv, became prime minister, but lost power because of corruption. He was then killed. F. Atal Bihari Vajpayee faced problems. 1. The leader of the nationalist party of India, Vajpayee, faced challenges of overpopulation and strife among religions. 2. The struggle between India and Pakistan was bad, now that they became nuclear powers. India exploded a nuclear device in 1974. For 24 years, India improved nuclear capability in private. In 1998, 5 nuclear tests were conducted. Pakistanis also showed they had nuclear capabilities. The nuclear weapons of both rival groups became an international concern, especially because of Hindus and Muslims continuous struggle over Kashmir. V. Pakistan Copes with Freedom A. Pakistan was already very turbulent and had differences between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. B. The two regions of Pakistan struggled with each other. 1. A tidal wave hit East Pakistan and killed 266,000 residents in 1970, calling for international aid that West Pakistan was not eager in giving. 2. East Pakistan protested and called to end all ties with West Pakistan. C. Pakistan undergoes its own partition. 1. On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. 2. Civil war broke out. Indians sided with Bangladesh and Pakistan surrendered. 3. 1 million people died. 4. One-seventh of area and one-half of the population in Pakistan was lost. D. Pakistan is instable. 1. After the death of the first governor general of India, the nation had no strong leader and went through many military coups. First in 1958 by Ali Bhutto Second in 1977 by General Zia Third Benazir Bhutto, Ali’s daughter, became prime minister. Fourth, Sharif in 1997. VI. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle A. Bangladesh faces many problems. 1. War brought economic and communication issues in Bangladesh. 2. Sheik Mujibur Rahman became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. Interested more in power than making reparations 3. Bangladesh tries to become democratic and fraud and corruption was common. Recently, it has been more stable and Begum Khaleda Zia became prime minister in 2001. 4. Natural disasters were troublesome. Bangladesh (low-lying) is subject to cyclones, tidal waves, massive storms which floods lands, ruins crops, takes lives, and homes. 5. Rapid growth in population put stress on the economy. There is civil strife in Sri Lanka. . Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus make up the two main groups in Sri Lanka. 2. Tamils wanted to become a separate Tamil nation and violence occurred in order to do so. Rajiv Gandhi and the president on Sri Lanka made an agreement that called Indian troops to disarm Tamil rebels. A civil war between Tamils and Sri Lankans still exists. New Nations in Africa: Chapter 34 Section 3 I. Setting the Stage A. Africa was also a nation victim to colonization. B. Like India, they were unwilling to return to colonization after WWII, so they also won their independence and went on to creating new African nations. II. Achieving Independence A. A movement is made for Black Heritage. 1. The French-speaking Africans and West Indians grew pride for traditional Africa. 2. The Negritude movement (movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values) was formed. B. WWII changed the views of colonies and colonizers, which helped Africa gain independence from 1950s-1960s. 1. The African joined Europeans in WWII to defend freedom, and were unwilling to return to colonization. 2. The European colonizers developed morale and wondered whether it was a good idea to still hold colonies. In addition to morale, maintaining colonies was costly and wasn’t viewed as something worth losing money for. C. Africa achieved independence in a unique way. 1. Unlike other colonized areas that pushed for independence, Africa was colonized indirectly and directly. Those who were ruled indirectly were able to enjoy limited self-rule and were ruled by local officials. They achieved independence more easily. Those ruled directly were governed at all levels by foreigners and did not have any self rule. To get independence, they had to fight wars. D. Africa struggled even after they gained their independence. . They had to start from scratch: creating a new gov. , and establishing postcolonial economy. 2. Internal conflicts made it hard create stable nations. When colonized by Europeans, Africa was separated by random and many tribes who shared the same culture were divided and enclosed with rival groups, causing violence. III. Ghana Leads the Way A. The Gold Coast, a British colony, achieves full independence. 1. The Gold Coast (South of the Sahara) achieved independence, so British allowed for Africans to be nominated for legislative council. 2. However, they wanted full freedom and created a group. . Kwame Nkrumah (leader of the nonviolent group) organized strikes and boycotts, and was also imprisoned many times, (starting in 1947) eventually being able to liberate the Gold Coast from the British government. B. Good intentions called for opposition against Nkrumah. 1. The Gold Coast became Ghana (from the Ghana Kingdom of Africa) after it received its independence in 1957. 2. Nkrumah, th e first prime-minister and president for life, pushed for industrialization by building new roads, schools, and health facilities. 3. His programs were too costly, and people began to oppose him. C. Ghana still continues to struggle. 1. Nkrumah was criticized for neglecting economic issues. 2. When in China (1966) he was replaced by the police and army in Ghana. 3. The power shifts between civilian and military rule, and Ghana struggles economically. 4. 2000 marks the first open election in Ghana. IV. Fighting for Freedom A. The British is forced to allow Kenyan self-government. 1. The British were unwilling to give Kenyans independence because they’ve taken over prized farmland in the northern highlands of Kenya. 2. The Kenyans had 2 developments which forced British to surrender. Jomo Kenyatta’s (Kenyan nationalist) strong leadership. The Mau Mau, a secret society of mostly native Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British people. B. The Mau Mau fight for independence. 1. Guerilla tactics were used to push out the British from the highlands. 2. Kenyatta had no connection to the Mau Mau but did not stop them from fighting for their freedom. 3. Kenyatta was imprisoned for about a decade. 4. Kenya was granted independence in 1963, however, 10,00 Africans and 100 settlers died. C. After gaining independence, Kenya still faced some struggles from poor leadership. 1. Kenyatta became the president and worked to reunite various groups in his nation, but he died in 1978. 2. He was succeeded by a weak leader, Daniel arap Moi. 3. Under Moi’s leadership was opposition to his one-party rule, corruption, and conflicts between ethnicities killing hundreds and making thousands homeless. 4. He left office in 2002, and a new party gained power through elections. D. Algeria wins independence through battle. 1. Algeria had a population of 1 million French and 9 million Arabs and Berber Muslims. 2. French did not want to share political power with the natives even after WWII. . The FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) would fight for freedom, and upon hearing this, the French sent half a million troops to fight the FLN. 4. The FLN won and gained independence in July 1962. E. Uncertainty within Algeria calls for civil war. 1. The FLN leader, Ahmed Ben Bella, becomes president and attempts to make Algeria follow socialism, but is overthrown. 2. From 19 65-1988, Algeria tried to modernize, but failed. Religious fundamentalists wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state because they were dissatisfied with the current government and high unemployment rates. 3. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections in 1990 and 1991, but the government and army refused the results. 4. Civil war broke out between Islamic militants and the government, and goes on and off until this day. V. Civil War in Congo and Angola A. The people of Congo were unprepared for independence, and it led to turmoil. 1. Belgians colonized and plundered Congo taking all its riches and resources such as rubber and copper. 2. They gave no social services to the natives of Congo, and did not prepare them for independence. 3. They granted Congo (aka Zaire from 1971-1997) independence in 1960, which cause upheaval, and civil war. B. Congo goes through two leaders. 1. Years of civil war sprung up, and Mobutu Sese Seko (aka Colonel Joseph Mobutu) seized power in 1965. He renamed Congo to Zaire and ruled it for 32 years. He held control over Zaire with force, one-party rule, and bribing supporters with gifts. He withstood rebellions. 2. In 1997, he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila (rebel leader). Zaire was renamed The Democratic Republic of Congo. C. Kabila wasn’t the leader people hoped for, and a new leader rises. 1. He became president and promised a democracy, but never delivered it. 2. Civil war broke out again, and rebel groups wanted to overthrow Kabila. . He was assassinated by a bodyguard in 2001. 4. Joseph Kabila, his son, took power and pushed for peace. 5. Rebels stopped rebelling in 2002 in hope that the peace may come. D. Angola (South West of Congo) fought for independence. 1. Angola was ruled by the Portuguese who were unwilling to let go of their colony. 2. An independence movement broke out and Portugal sent 50,000 troops to end it, which wiped out half of Portugal’s budget. 3. The cost of war and the war’s opposition in Portugal called for them to withdraw from Angola in 1975. E. Civil war broke out in Angola. 1. Angola became a new nation, and the MPLA (Communist leaning â€Å"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola†) declared itself as the government. 2. Rebel groups fought against the government for power. 3. 50,000 Cuban troops and Soviet Union supported the MPLA. 4. South Africa and the U. S. supported the UNITA (the major opposition to the MPLA; â€Å"National Union for the Total Independence of Angola†) 5. The MPLA and UNITA abandoned many cease-fire agreements, but in 2002, a peace accord was agreed to and the civil war ended. Conflicts in the Middle East: Chapter 34 Section 4 I. Setting the Stage A. By the end of WWII, Jewish finally gained its own state, which proved to have bad consequences. 1. The Jewish gained a state that was located by the Mediterranean Sea. 2. It consisted of mostly Arabs who rejected the creation of a Jewish state. 3. Palestinians claimed Jewish states to be theirs, therefore opposing Jewish states. 4. Wars were fought between Jews and Arabs, and Jews and Palestinians. II. Israel Becomes a State A. Palestinians, Jews, and Arabs all claim the same lands (Israel, West Bank, and the Gaza Strip in modern day Palestine). 1. Jews’ reason: 3,000 before, Jewish Kings ruled the lands from Jerusalem. . Palestinians’ reason: land was theirs since Jewish exile on A. D. 135. 3. Arabs’ reason: their conquest of the lands in the 7th century (600s). B. The Jews wanted to return to Palestine and gain a Jewish state centuries after their exile. 1. The Jewish were unable to gain their own state after their exile, and dispersed around the world (Diaspor a). 2. Zionists (people who favored a Jewish state in Palestine) started returning to their homeland during the 19th and 20th centuries (1800s-1900s). C. A British idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine cause sparks between the Jews and Palestinians. 1. The British directed Palestine (League of Nations’ commands) as a result of the loss of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in WWI. 2. Many Jews were in Palestine, and pressed for their own nation. 3. Palestinians opposed the idea, so when Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour of Britain proposed creating a Jewish state while keeping the rights of non-Jewish communities (Balfour Declaration) and the plan failed, tensions rose between Palestinians and Jews. D. The U. S. and many European nations felt sympathy towards the Jews, who were targeted in the Holocaust, so they devised a plan that would give Jews what they desired. 1. The UN General Assembly voted for partition in Palestine, one part being a Palestinian state, the other being a Jewish state, and Jerusalem being an international city owned by no one. 2. The Jews made up 34% of the population but gained 55% of the land. E. The partition was set, although Muslims and Palestines rejected it. 1. â€Å"The UN has no right to make such a proposal without first consulting the majority who will be affected by it. †- Muslims and Palestinians. 2. David Ben Gurion (leader of Jews in Palestine) announced that the independent nation of Israel was formed on May 14, 1948. III. Israel and Arab States in Conflict A. War broke out between Israeli and Arab states. 1. The first one (won by Israel) was a day before Israel became a nation, where Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi, Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel. B. The partition wasn’t fully effective because of fighting. 1. Israel seized half of Palestine in 1948-1949. 2. 600,000 Palestinians left to nearby UN sponsored refugee camps. 3. Arabs also seized Palestinian lands. C. War broke out in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. 1. Egypt seized the Suez Canal. 2. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egyptian president) sent troops to seized the canal controlled by British because he was angry that the U. S. and British stopped financially supporting Egypt’s Aswan Dam. 3. Britain formed an alliance with France and israel to regain the Suez canal. 4. Israel defeated the Egyptians using air support of their European allies. 5. The war ended when the U. S. and Soviets forced Israel and Europeans out of Egypt, ultimately giving Egypt the Suez Canal by the end of the Suez Crisis. D. Another war broke out in 1967, called the Six-Day War. 1. Nasser and Arab allies, equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft were ready to confront Israel and close off Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba. 2. Israelis knew Arabs would attack, so the struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria, and ground forces defeated Arab states in this Six-Day War. 4. Israelis gained the lands around them (Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, The Golden Heights, and the West Bank). 5. They served as buffers for future attacks. 6. Palestinians living in Jerusalem chose Jordanian citizenship, and others not living in Jerusalem went other Jewish control. E. A fourth War broke out in October 1973, called the Yom Kippur War. 1. Anwar Sadat,(Egyptian president who succeeded Nasser) planned an Arab attack on Israel during Yom Kippur. . Sadat was able to reconquer land lost in the Six-Day War. 3. Golda Meir (prime minister of Israel during the Yom Kippur War) counterattacked and regained most the land. 4. After weeks of fighting, a truce was declared. F. Palestinians pushed for recognition and its own state. 1. The UN had given Palestinians its own state during the partition, but the land given was seized by Is raelis during their vast amount of wars. 2. The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was organized by Palestinian officials in 1964, and initially consisted mostly of social workers, like teachers, lawyers.

The Doctrine of ‘Personality Rights’ in the UK

The Doctrine of ‘Personality Rights’ in the UK The United Kingdom has never acknowledged a specific doctrine of ‘personality rights’; the law provides neither coherent nor consistent protection, as the courts are ‘sceptical about creating monopoly rights in nebulous concepts such as names, likeness or popularity’.[1] Therefore celebrities and other high-profile individuals rely on a combination of passing off, trademark, copyright and privacy laws for protection of the commercial value of their personality. None of these were invented to protect personality rights; however they are gradually developing to adjust to the commercial reality of the value of celebrity merchandising and endorsements. Misleading the public by giving a false impression of endorsement of a product by a celebrity has been to commit the tort of passing off for over a decade.[2] The tort of passing off was traditionally defined as ‘nobody has the right to represent his goods as the goods of someone else’.[3] The ‘ classical trinity’ is necessary to succeed in passing off: ‘the goodwill or reputation must be attached to the products or services of the plaintiff, the misrepresentation must lead to the confusion as to the source of the goods and services, and this confusion must cause damage to the claimant’.[4] In the case of Fenty Ors v Arcadia Group Brands Ltd (t/a Topshop) Anor,[5] high street fashion retailer Topshop licensed an image of popstar Rihanna’s face from a photographer and printed it on a t-shirt without either her permission being sought nor obtained. Rihanna then sued for passing off. Mr Justice Birss applied the doctrine to the dispute. Although on very particular facts, Birss J found in favour of Rihanna and established a general principle that arguably goes against any celebrities who might have hoped to see the creation of a doctrine of personality rights. This decision develops the tort of passing off to small degree whilst emphasising that, in each case, the facts are decisive.[6] The debate about the recognition of personality rights in the UK is gathering impetus in the wake of Fenty with academics like Walsh questioning if ‘personality rights are finally on the agenda’.[7] In the 1970s the UK courts were regularly unwilling to find false impressions relating to merchandising resulted in misrepresentation because of the need to show that they were engaged in a ‘common field of activity’. This introduced a somewhat blunt test for confusion and there often would be no proximity between, for example, a radio broadcaster and a cereal manufacturer.[8] Until the test was discarded, at least as an absolute condition,[9] it limited attempts to expand the categories of misrepresentation to cover licensing connections.[10] Where the absence of a common field of activity was not conclusive the court for example held the use of the name of the pop group Abba on merchandise did not amount to passing off on the basis that there was no real possibility that the public would be confused into thinking that Abba had approved the goods merely because their name or photograph appeared on them.[11] Likewise the use of a photograph of the Spice Girls on the cove r of a sticker collection was held not to constitute passing off.[12] An important exception came when it was held passing off had been established where cartoon characters, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, were on clothing without authorisation, since the public did expect the goods to be licensed.[13] This case was distinguished from the Abba scenario on the basis that it was brought in the context of the unauthorised reproduction of images of cartoons in which copyright existed, rather than the image or name of a celebrity. Yet the decision is generally viewed as opening up character merchandising law in the UK. In the seminal case of Irvine Laddie J held passing off covered cases of false endorsement, like where Talksport had altered an image of racing driver Eddie Irvine to have him hold a branded Talksport radio for advertising purposes without his permission. Laddie J considered the increasingly popular marketing practice of personality licensing, including the licensing of a personality’s name or likeness outside a celebrity’s area of expertise as a common and lucrative practice for them, to reject the ‘common à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld of activity’ condition. Laddie J identified the inherent flexibility of passing off by saying ‘the sort of cases which come within the scope of a passing off action has not remained stationary over the years†¦passing off is closely connected to and dependent upon what is happening in the market place’.[14] Although Irvine was celebrated as a turning point in the protection of personality rights, the important limitation in the judgment was that passing off was limited to false endorsement and excluded merchandising cases. The classic celebrity-merchandising situation seems similar: the celebrity has a reputation and the public knows that it is common practice for celebrities to market their popularity by granting merchandise licenses.[15] Laddie J differentiated between cases of endorsement and merchandising, however in Fenty Birss J approved Laddie J’s reasoning but made it clear there is no difference in merchandising cases and that the legal principles apply equally well in passing off if the public had been deceived into thinking the celebrity had authorised the product. Rihanna easily established sufficient goodwill in the fashion industry, as a style icon because of her ‘cool, edgy image’.[16] This was demonstrated in her endorsement contracts with Nike and Gillette, her fashion design and promotion work with rival retailer River Island, and she had worked with HM, Gucci and Armani to collaborate on and design clothing. Birss J therefore stated Rihanna’s ‘identity and endorsement in the world of high street fashion was perceived†¦to have tangible value by an organisation well placed to know’.[17] Misrepresentation was the key issue. Topshop argued the clothing was simply a t-shirt bearing an image of Rihanna and the public had no expectation that it was authorised by her, whereas Rihanna contended that the particular facts of the case meant customers were misled into believing she had endorsed the t-shirt herself. The court considered the point in depth, addressing the various circumstances before considering the issue as a whole. Certain evidence considered was found to be neutral to finding a misrepresentation. The fact there was other unauthorised clothing bearing Rihanna’s image on sale did not imply that the public would necessarily believe that such clothing was authorised. Topshop had sold both clothing bearing authorised images and clothing, which was approved or endorsed by celebrities. Overall, its customers were neutral: having no positive expectation either way when considering clothing bearing a celebrity’s image. Also the t-shirt was fashionable an d on sale in a high street retailer. Certain factors indicated finding in Topshop’s favour. Some of Rihanna’s official merchandise included an ‘R slash’ trademark logo or her name, the t-shirt lacked both, and apart from a few days online the word ‘Rihanna’ was not used at all. There was also no genuine evidence of actual confusion. However on balance, significant factors supported RIhanna. Topshop had made considerable effort to emphasise connections in the public consciousness between the store and celebrities notably Kate Moss, and now more importantly Rihanna. This made it more likely purchasers would conclude that the t-shirt was authorised and being a fashion retailer, consumers would reasonably expect Topshop to publicise and sell products authorised by celebrities. Topshop’s prior association with Rihanna was important as Topshop ran a competition in 2010 to win a personal shopping appointment with Rihanna. Rihanna also visited Topshop in 2012 which they chose to publicise by tweeting to their 350,000 Twitter followers, just before the t-shirt went on sale – a significant commercial communication in the eyes of Birss J, to a demographic who valued social media highly. Topshop had therefore repeatedly associated itself and it products with Rihanna in a high-profile manner and this demonstrated Topshop were looking to take advantage of Rihanna’s position as a style icon. The image on the t-shirt was taken during the video shoot of RIhanna’s single ‘We Found Love’ from her 2011 ‘Talk that Talk’ album. Importantly, it showed Rihanna with the same hairstyle and headscarf as the album cover. This meant that the image was not just recognisably Rihanna but looked like a promotional shot for the music release. The court found that it was entirely likely that, to her fans, the image might be regarded as part of the marketing campaign. This was a critical point in the de cision. Although Birss J believed a ‘good number’ of purchasers would buy the t-shirt without considering the question of authorisation, he concluded that, in the circumstances, a substantial proportion of those judging the t-shirt (specifically Rihanna fans) would be encouraged to think that it was clothing authorised by the popstar. They would have recognised that particular image of Rihanna not simply as an image of her but as a particular image of her connected with the particular context of the album. Many of these purchasers would have bought the product because they thought that Rihanna had authorised it; others would have bought it because of the value of the perceived authorisation itself. In each case, the idea that it was authorised was part of what motivated them to buy the product and in each case they would have been deceived. The test for damage was also easily satisfied. If a substantial number of purchaser’s were deceived into buying the t-shirt because of a false belief that it was authorised by Rihanna herself, then that would have damaged Rihanna’s goodwill, both by way of sales lost to her merchandising business and a loss of control over her reputation in the fashion sphere.[18] Considering the particular facts, it is not surprising Birss J found in Rihanna’s favour. The classical trinity of passing off were fulfilled, however this decision is unlikely to open the floodgates for cases to be brought every time a celebrity’s image is used without a merchandising license, as it was made clear ‘the mere sale by a trader of a t-shirt bearing an image of a famous person is not without more, an act of passing off’.[19] Birss J was eager to emphasise that ‘there is today in England no such thing as a free standing general right by a famous person (or anyone else) to control reproduction of their image.’[20] The judgment is useful as a confirmation of the general principles of passing off applied to unauthorised use of celebrity images.[21] If the UK is approaching the creation of a doctrine of personality rights in some form, it is necessary to analyse the justifications and gauge whether they are robust enough to validate the subsequent restraints that would be placed upon society. The justifications suggested in support of personality rights fall largely into three groups: moral, economic and consumer protection arguments. The labour-based moral justification is founded on John Locke’s theory of property.[22] Essentially, itprovidesthat an individualhasamoralrightintheobjectofvaluetransformedbecauseoftheir efforts. Nimmer supported this point by contending that the person who has ‘long and laboriously nurtured the fruit of publicity values’ and has spent ‘time, effort, skill, and even money’ in their creation, is presumably allowed to enjoy it.[23] Professor McCarthy feels personality rights are ‘a â€Å"common-sense†, self-evident right needing little intellectual rationalisation to justify its existence’.[24] However, Madow deconstructs these arguments by contending that fame is something ‘conferred by others’ and is not necessarily down to the efforts of the individual.[25] Moreover according to Madow the labour argument ignoresthe fundamentalrole themediaplayinthecreationofcelebrities.He uses the example of Einstein andobservesthatth emedia selectedhim becausehedidinterviews, wasquotable and hehadtheright‘look’.[26]TheimageofEinsteinthat is familiar today,what itmeanstothe pubic themadbutpleasant scientistwith bushywhitehairandmoustache wasa personality createdby themedia. Therefore only when the media and public take notice and attach importance to a personal image can it fully enter into the market place.[27] Thus contrary to the statement by McCarthy, it would appear a celebrity cannot justify that they solely created their public image and consequently cannot stake an indisputable moral claim to the exclusive ownership or control of the economic value that comes with it. Personality rights can also be justified on economic arguments. Economic theory proposes persons should be economically incentivised into ‘undertaking socially, enriching activities’ such as creating a persona that benefits society culturally,[28] and this creativity can only be encouraged if the person is given exclusive right to control their creations, because this ‘provides incentive for performers to make economic investments required to produce performances appealing to the public’.[29] However Carty doubts whether personality rights would produce increases in ‘economic activity’ or ‘innovation’.[30] Following Madow’s ideas, the UK is currently without a personality right, yet celebrities still gain significant income from their publicity values and failure to introduce such a right in the future will not stop individuals profiting from the income already gained through endorsements and merchandising officially authoris ed by them.[31] According to Madow such protection also has ‘distributional consequences’,[32] whereby personality rights elevate the price of merchandise and advertising in general, placing more wealth in the hands of a select few, who already derive significant income, and away from the mass of consumers making up society.[33] Another justification for personality rights is the consumer protection argument focusing on the idea that without protection, the public will be misled about the authorisation of a celebrity’s association with a product or service. At first sight the consumer protection argument appears advisable, joining protection of the celebrity’s success with protection of the consumer, and it mirrors the traditional rationale for trademark and passing off.[34] However personality rights would allow celebrities to stop commercial uses of their personas that are not fraudulent or deceptive, and Professor Shiffrin states personality rights give celebrites power ‘to control the dissemination of truth for his or her own profit’.[35] On another level, Madow argues the degree to which personality rights would stop the consumer being misled is generally superfluous,[36] because in situations where there is a realistic chance that, consumers will be deceived or confused about a celebrity’s association or endorsement, legal mechanisms better adapted for that reason already exist, notably passing off. In conclusion, the extent to which Fenty constitutes a creation of a doctrine of ‘personality rights’ is limited. In the words of Roberts ‘this judgment does not change the law; and it does not create an â€Å"image right†. It simply applies the existing doctrine of passing off to the evolving commercial reality of the value of celebrity endorsements’.[37] The decision is important as it improves a flaw in the Irvine verdict,[38] in the same way that Irvine marked the first time that passing off was applied to false endorsement, Fenty is the first time it has been applied to false merchandising featuring a real person, with merchandising claims having only previously succeeded in relation to fictional characters,[39] and indicates that UK courts are slowly recognising the need to protect the commercial value of celebrity merchandising. It is clear from the case that the result was carefully balanced on particular facts and that if for example Rihanna had not been a fashion icon or the image was different she would have less chance of being successful. Fenty highlights the issue of misrepresentation is however always one of fact, and the false belief of the purchaser is key: to constitute passing off, a false belief incited in the mind of the prospective purchaser must play a role in their choice to buy. Although there are persuasive advocates of the creation of a doctrine of personality rights,[40] and there is also no definite rationale for an absolute rejection,[41] it would seem the decision in Fenty should be welcomed because there are substantial drawbacks in the moral, economic and consumer protection justifications put forward. The decision develops passing off to a small degree to keep up with modern business practice without creating personality rights, which are not necessary as celebrities are already sufficiently protected. The tort of passing off has again demonstrated its inherent flexibility and that it is ‘ closely connected to and dependent upon what is happening in the market place’. To sum up, ‘without an element of consumer deception, English law in this area remains characteristically cautious’,[42] and this should be welcomed. [1] J. Klink, ’50 years of Publicity Rights in the United States and the Never Ending Hassle with Intellectual Property and Personality Rights in Europe’, (2003), 4 IPQ 363, p.366. [2] Irvine v Talksport Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 423 [3] Reddaway v Banham (1896) 13 RPC 218 at 244 per Lord Halsbury [4] Reckitt Colman v Borden [1990] 1 WLR 491 at 499 per Lord Oliver [5] [2010] EWHC 2310 (Ch) [6] D. Meale, ‘Rihanna’s face on a T-shirt without a licence? No, this time it’s passing off’, (2013) 8(11) JIPLP 823, p.823. [7] C. Walsh, ‘Are personality rights finally on the UK agenda?’, (2013) 35(5) EIPR 253, p.253. [8] McCulloch v Lewis A May [1947] 2 All ER 845 [9] Lyngstad v Anabas Products [1977] FSR 62 at 67; [10] Wombles Ltd v Wombles Skips Ltd [1975] FSR 488 Ch D; [11] Lyngstad v Anabas Products [1977] FSR 62 [12] Halliwell Ors v Panini Ors (6 June, 1997, unreported) [13] Mirage Studiosv Counterfeat Clothing [1991] FSR 145 [14] [2002] FSR 60 at para 13-14 [15] J. Klink, op.cit., p.375. [16] Fenty v Topshop [2013] EWHC 2310 (Ch) at [46] [17] Ibid at [42] [18] Ibid at [72] [19] Ibid at [75] [20] Ibid at [2] [21] H. Beverley-Smith and L. Barrow, ‘Talk that tort†¦of passing off: RIhanna, and the scope of actionable misrepresentation: Fenty v Arcadia Group Brands Ltd (t/a Topshop), (2014), 36(1) EIPR 57, p.61. [22] J. Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1952) [23] M.B. Nimmer, ‘The Right of Publicity’, (1954) 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, p.216. [24] J.T. McCarthy, The Rights of Publicity and Privacy, (New York: C.Boardman, 1987), s.1.1[B] [2] at 1-5; s.1.11[C] at 1-46. [25] M. Madow, ‘Private Ownership of Public Image: Popular Culture and Publicity Rights’, (1993), 81 CLR 125, p.182. [26] Ibid, p.190 [27] J. Fowles, Celebrity Performers and the American Public, (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1992), p.84. [28] J.T. McCarthy, ’Melville B. Nimmer and the Right of Publicity: A Tribute’ (1987) 34 UCLA LR1703, p.1710. [29] D.E. Shipley, ‘Publicity Never Dies: It just Fades Away, (1981) 66 Cornell LR 673, p.681. [30] H. Carty, ‘Advertising, Publicity Rights and English Law’, (2004) 3 IPQ 209, p.251. [31] M. Madow, op.cit., p.211 [32] Ibid, p.218. [33] Ibid [34] H. Carty, op.cit., p.252. [35] S. Shiffrin, ‘The First Amendment and Economic Regulations: Away from a General Theory of the First Amendment’, (1983) 78 NW ULR 1212, p.1258. [36] M. Madow, op.cit., p.233. [37] J. Roberts, ‘Face off: Rihanna wins â€Å"image rights† case’, (2013), 24(8) Ent LR 283, p.285. [38] A. De Landa Barajas, ‘Personality rights in the United States and the United Kingdom – is Vanna too much? Is Irvine not enough?’, (2009) 20(7) Ent LR 253, p.258. [39] J. Roberts, op.cit., p.285. [40] S. Bains, ‘Personality rights: should the UK grant celebrities a proprietary right in their personality? Part 2’, (2013) 18(6) Ent LR 205 [41] [42] H. Beverley-Smith, op.cit., p.61.