Improper Garbage Disposal

With more college graduates than jobs, the government wrestles with what to do with themSouth Korea is beginning to wrestle with the unappetizing fact that too many of its young are in college. Despite the very real success of its economy, the country can’t manufacture enough jobs for its graduates – of which it produces a lot. Singapore, Taiwan and other Asian countries to some extent face the same glut. However, South Korea seems in a class by itself.Some 86 percent of all high school graduates go on to college, and most expect to graduate with a degree. About 3. 3 million students are enrolled in 347 universities – by one calculation one of every 14 South Koreans is a university student. A full 80 percent of parents fully expect their children to graduate with a degree. According to a study by the Samsung Economic Research Institute, the number of students in college is actually lowering gross domestic product by a full percentage point.The country is regularl y faced with the odd phenomenon of newspaper stories about many of its brightest graduates who are forced to enroll in vocational schools in order to get a job after graduation – including a recent story in the Korea Herald about a young woman with a degree in French who enrolled in a course to become a Starbucks barista. Other tales have philosophy graduates learning to become bakers. Fewer than half of those who graduated in 2010 had found full time jobs by the end of 2011.That has pushed the South Korean government to promote vocational skills as an alternative to college, with President Lee Myung-bak turning up to open the Sudo Electric Technical High School in 20. Sudo is one of 21 so-called Meister Schools modeled on German vocational schools, that are being funded by the government and which guarantee graduates jobs. However, critics say lots more must be done and that in fact the entire education system must be redesigned. The 21 Meister schools are hardly enough, and the practical training aspects of their curricula mean funding must be increased considerably over that of academic high schools.Certification systems for the students must also be introduced. According to the SERI study published last week, â€Å"it is estimated that 42 percent of the nation’s college graduates are over-educated. † Had those 42 percent bypassed college and started working immediately after highs school, according to the study, South Korea’s gross domestic product would have been as much as a full percentage point higher. In addition, according to the study, maximum opportunity costs — tuition plus forgone income — from attending college total an estimated W19 trillion per year (US$16. 8 billion). That is W14. 77 trillion for four-year university graduates and W4. 24 trillion for two-year graduates. The average university graduate spends W119. 6 million (US$102,000) on his or her education and W53. 6 million for two-year college g raduates.A college degree defines success, however, marginalizing high school graduates despite the fact that during the era of Korea's double-digit growth era, skilled technicians and craftsmen with high school degrees were credited with building the nation's infrastructure and lifted manufacturing up to global standards. But today, even those better suited for technical skilled jobs right after high school feel compelled to pursue a university degree,† according to the report. â€Å"Over the past 10 years, corporate executives with only a high school degree have plunged to 2. 6 percent from 7. 2 percent. † It is relatively easy to see why the young opt for college despite the crowded campuses. If half the graduates are on the street, the odds are about the same for those with a high school diploma, and after being hired they are often headed for low-skill jobs.In 2011, according to SERI, the employment rate of young people with a high school degree only was 59. 1 perc ent and those who were working were employed in low value-added industries and hold sales, services, technical and other such positions. Mechanical jobs and sales account for 38 percent and 32. 8 percent of working high school graduates, respectively. Consequently, high school graduates in 2011 had average monthly incomes of W1. 46 million (US$1250) — 77 percent of that of university graduates and 90 percent of two-year graduates.Job security among high school graduates also is considerably lower compared to young college graduates, according to SERI. In 2011, 72. 4 percent of all employees with a university degree or higher were in permanent jobs while only 47. 3 percent of high school graduates had them. The job of righting the situation basically almost means turning South Korean society, if not the education system, upside down, according to the SERI report. One of the big problems, according to a study by Clark W.Sorenson for the Comparative Education Review, â€Å"Voca tional schools, whether public or private, are generally considered less desirable than academic high schools by the public. † At one point during the 1960s and 1970s, according to Sorenson, the government hoped to educate up to 70 percent of students in vocational schools to provide technically trained factory workers only to have parents rebel. Thus, changing both parental and student attitudes will require comprehensive measures, including developing jobs in the base industries that are the cornerstones of Korean manufacturing competitiveness .SERI recommends that a specialized organization be established to connect high school graduates to the companies that would seek to hire them. The high school curriculum also needs to be redesigned to equip high school students with what the study calls ready-to-use skill sets, teaching problem-solving skills and a sense of responsibility. The SERI study recommends borrowing an idea from the United Kingdom, which in in 2008 introduced a diploma system that requires work experience for students 14-19 years in age to strengthen their career and job education.Companies must also be brought into the equation to identify jobs graduates can fill and to expand open recruitment of high school graduates. It will also be necessary to address discrimination against applicants who have not yet fulfilled the nation's compulsory military service requirement, the study notes. Businesses tend to avoid these applicants because of concerns over lost productivity. However, recent policy reforms should assuage their worries. For example, high school graduates now may defer their military service for four years.The point that needs to be made, however, is that Korean society has astonished the world with its ability to pivot and go in entirely new ways. It is not out of the realm of possibility that the country will go ahead and institute the reforms with the alacrity that got it this far, this fast. Set as favorite Bookmark Email T his Hits: 5741Comments (2)Subscribe to this comment's feed Re Graduate Unemployment written by Rob Schackne, June 11, 2012 We are seeing a similar situation in urban China today, where the masses of graduates face an increasingly alarming dearth of jobs.Where vocationalization, rather than education, has also got a bad smell. University graduates are waiting tables†¦ though poorly. But I wonder what government initiative was it that beckoned forth all those young people into a dream of white-collar office work. Was it prosperity, the Tiger miracle? Don't get me wrong, education is a beautiful thing. I'd prefer to ride in a taxi driven by a well-educated French major than a taxed cretin. The conversation will be much better, and all that resentment is a good story that passes the time.

Me and Music Essay

As the earphones filled my ears with wonder I could feel nothing more than the ecstasy I was in. It was as if nothing else in the world mattered. At that time I could feel nothing more than the shadows that covered my heart, but the music I heard inspired me in such a way that no one else could understand the way I felt. I was beautiful, the world was beautiful, and nothing else could possibly be as beautiful as the way I feel. When I stopped the music, I became quiet, the world became quiet, and everything simply stopped. This is the only time I can say that I truly heard music. I used to be very social, very active, like a fish in the gigantic ocean. I used to have lots of friends, and a girlfriend who I was deeply in love with. That love story last for a year. We broke up after a year, when I still loved her so much. I became a silent boy and cut all the connections with friends as same as outside world. It was a hurricane came and almost drowned me and in this violent raging storm and I lost my way. I clung to music as if it was a raft for life, as if it was a key for me to make it up living in this world. Somehow it worked. Not just worked, but worked well. After a long summer †¦ I came back to school. It was my first day at school and I all I can remember was the first moment I put on my headphones and pressed play on my blue Sony Walkman, which later became my joy. The album playing was â€Å"Crush† by Bon Jovi and each song became instantly carved into my memory. It felt like it was a whole new world and I finally opened my eyes and just stepped into this fantasy world and everything else around me lost its importance. It was a feeling that just took everything that was wrong, messed up, confusing and painful inside of me and transformed it into something that I knew for the first time was right. The pain was still there but I found a way to just keep in check so that no one else would have to ask me these dreadful questions that brought me so much pain every time I heard â€Å"Are you OK?† and â€Å"Do you want to talk?†. I knew that there was something wrong when other people think about me as a quiet guy who doesn’t have any friends and listens to music all the time. To be honest, I have friends, but just about 2, or 3. I didn’t feel like making new friends at school and I prefer to find some form of happiness from music no matter how little it was. Music came to me not only as a form of relief, but it’s a way for me to express something, maybe not to other people, but to myself. It showed me that I still have personal feelings, and that I was even remotely normal. Back to school, me alone and music, I felt its ok; it’s going to be ok, at first. But just by the end of the day, when I got home, alone, thinking about other people at school, enjoy with their friends, I realized that music wasn’t going to be able to be my life raft so I clung to something, what some consider dark and fed off this darkness. I need friends in my life. I need friends to cheer up my gloomy life. I just want to be like them, like other people who got friends. As the days, weeks and months went on that I talked and gained new friends, I found that my life boat was becoming less and less needed as people were finally starting to accept me for me. The darkness and pain are still there, locked up deep inside where no one can hear there violent screams but now I know that I have more than just my music and lifeboat because when another storm comes, I have others who can help me survive.

Data Warehousing and data mining Research Paper

Data Warehousing and data mining - Research Paper Example Moreover, the increased data redundancy is further exacerbating the situation and the conversion of data into information, information into knowledge and knowledge in to power is very slow. This redundant and dubious information resource is of no good for managers who have to take quick decisions. Managers require precise information that represents and accounts for every aspect of a business. It is the responsibility of a decision support system to answer any query related to information stored in the system and to generate some nontrivial information patterns. These patterns can impart the required business intelligence and can leverage certain decisions. Data Warehouse There is no consensus on the definition of a data warehouse. In simplest terms, a data warehouse is a set of multiple applications, concepts, methodologies, tool and techniques to gain some knowledge based on historical data that may come from multiple systems and sources to assist managers in decision-making proces s. Vercellis (2009) defines â€Å"A data warehouse is the foremost repository for the data available for developing business intelligence architectures and decision support systems.† However, it is not a comprehensive definition and Vercellis (2009) himself admits, â€Å"The term data warehousing indicates the whole set of interrelated activities involved in designing, implementing and using a data warehouse.† Characteristics of a Data Warehouse There are few important characteristics of a data warehouse. These characteristics define the efficiency and effectiveness of the system and determine its qualification being a data warehouse. Most important characteristic of a data warehouse is the strength of its repository, which depends on the availability of sufficient historical and current data. The exact amount of historical and current data is determined by the domain where the data warehouse is being deployed. Secondly, a data warehouse has to provide ad-hoc access to information sources. This means there are only fewer fixed SQL queries and most of the inferences and intelligence is gathered through dynamic, on-the-fly queries. A data warehouse employs several tools like data modeling, star schema, data mining etc. to ensure ad-hoc access to its resources. Thirdly, a data warehouse is designed for decision makers and knowledge workers. However, these people are not bond to be information technology experts. Because strategic decisions are more concerned with customer trends, behaviors and market forces knowledge workers are not interested in individual records of a customer, product or service rather these users require an all inclusive big picture that may help to make long term strategic decisions and short term operational decisions. How it is different? A data warehouse is essentially different from Online Transaction Process (OLTP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Resource Management (CRM) systems. Because these systems are not designed and engineered for decision-making and knowledge discovery, they do not have huge historical data. Secondly, they record live transactions of the business and keep records of customers, products and services updated. On the contrary, a data warehouse does not record live trans

Research the topic of Information Security Management from quality Paper

The topic of Information Security Management from quality - Research Paper Example A large number of small-to-medium sized enterprises have and are investing a substantial amount of capital and resources into their business to cement their place within the world of business (eCom Advisor, 2000). The latest networking technology not only helps them achieve this but also allows them to expand their business and upgrade their SME into a large enterprise. This paper would take a look at the security threats that an SME faces online and its need of information security management to tackle these threats. ... This exposes their data to threats such as phishing, Trojans, spam and viruses. These threats could have a serious impact on the daily operations of the business being conducted. Moreover these threats can even sometimes have long term effects that hinder in the company’s growth and become a reason towards the loss in the company’s productivity (GFI software, 2009). SMEs are usually restricted in terms of resources and finances. Any significant loss of data or leakage of secret information could destroy the entire business (GFI software, 2009). This means that data integrity is a vital component within a SME and can make or break its business. An effective Information security management allows businesses to implement various measures that would protect various data and assets that the business owns. Information security management not only allows an organization to tackle security threats that it faces but also allows it to measure the impact the attack would have on t he performance of the business (Alexander, Finch, & Sutton, 2008). Incident response management and disaster recovery Components of an incident: Before the discussion of an incident management system it is vital to understand what an incident is and what the components of an incident are. An incident is an event that occurs due to an action that is executed by a person or an individual. Usually the purpose of these actions is to cause harm to the working of the system or to the data contained within the system. It is vital to point out here that incidents are a subset of events. An incident comprises of three components event, incident response team and incident investigation (Molino, 2006). An event is an activity that causes a deviation of the system from its normal working. An event is

E-mail as way of communication in business Essay

E-mail as way of communication in business - Essay Example The paper tells that email is a way of transferring digitised information from the source to one or more recipients using a web enabled device. It requires that the two parties have access to the internet to make the exchange complete; its servers receives information from the sender, directs it to the recipient and stores the content to be accessed at will thereafter. With improvements in computer technology, traditional forms of communications shifted from physical print outs for instance, memos to modern digitised forms which include internal email. This is used by businesses and organisations for communicating with its employees. This form of communication has brought with it some challenges which were only realised after corporations realised that there was minimal control over information exchanged among employees and the outside environment. Despite compliance standards set by corporations to guide employees on the right email content to use for internal communications, the nu mber of emails exchanged in a day is so many that internal control mechanisms cannot effectively handle. In 2008, about 103 billion emails were sent in corporate companies the world over. These are some of the problems associated with internal mail. Phones 4u is a large mobile phone retailer based in Britain, since its inception in 1987 by John Caudwell and his brother Brian, the store has grown leaps and bounds to boast of 550 outlets in the United Kingdom. This company operates in a tough business environment and transformed its internal processes over time, to cope with increasing consumer needs. Britain’s communications regulator (Ofcom) found Phones 4u liable of various malpractices ranging from lying to clients about their coverage, and delay in refund processing to those who purchase faulty phones. Due to such damaging allegations, the store did an internal check to determine the root cause of these inefficiencies and address them. Among the resolutions was rejection o f internal email as a communication medium within and outside the company to monitor information flow to protect its brand from lurid accusations that were threatening its existence. Along with other changes effected for instance, provision of insurance packages for Smartphone buyers to reduce costs associated with customer returning damaged phones that are within the warranty period, it performance has rebounded with turnover growing 22% in 2010. Disadvantages of using internal email Liability: Unmonitored use of email can lead to consequences relating to violations of internal corporate rules and government regulations. Companies have internal intelligence and secrets that they may want to be kept private within its boundaries, they however, do not have the capacity to shield employees from knowing the same. Other modes of communication can be monitored to gauge its compliance; however, information contained in email is drafted by the sender, who decides on the context. The copy s ent to the recipient can however be retrieved by investigators at the request of the authorities if it results in a civil lawsuit. The aims of corporate compliance is: to protect employees from unwanted behaviour, protecting company’s assets from misuse due to inefficiencies, minimise corporate risk and streamline operational processes to increase output. This secretive nature of email message exchange makes employees be tempted to use the medium to exchange private, but damaging information to other people for whatever gain. For instance, an employee might leak a product diversification plan by his company, the competitor who requested for the intelligence then wards off competition by introducing his own version of the same, with the same formula, to sabotage the originator (Smith & Mounter, 2008, p. 127)2. The government engages with corporate bodies on a daily basis, these businesses might hide some information from the government especially on matters relating to financi al position. For

Congenital Hypothyroidism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Congenital Hypothyroidism - Essay Example Those causing the latter are the thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin genes. These genes were initially described, but, most recently PDS (Pendred syndrome), NIS (sodium iodide symporter), and THOX2 (thyroid oxidase 2) gene defects were also published. Figure2: Cartoon of the TSH receptor showing the positions of all the loss of function mutations reported to date. Missense mutations are shown in the circles, frameshift and deletion mutations are indicated by arrows, and splice site mutations aremarked. Chatterjee) Figure 3: A proposed algorithm for investigating the genetic basis of congenital hypothyroidism. AHO, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy; CH, congenital hypothyroidism; GNAS, stimulatory G protein a subunit gene; NIS, sodium-iodide symporter gene; PAX-8, human Pax-8 gene; PDS, Pendred syndrome gene; TFTs, thyroid function tests; TG, thyroglobulin gene; THOX2, thyroid oxidase 2; TIOD, total iodide organification defect; TITF-1, human TTF-1 gene; TITF-2, human TTF-2 gene; TPO, thyroid peroxidase gene; TSHR, TSH receptor gene; USS, ultrasound scan. (Chatterjee) Figure 4: The Hypothalamic -pituitary thyroid axis and known genetic defects associated with CHT. (Vono-Toniolo and Kopp) Figure5.Mitogenic pathways in the thyroid. Data from the thyroid cell systems are integrated into the present general scheme of cell proliferation cascades. (CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION ) Figure 6: Overview of gene therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer (Spitzweg and Morris) Table: 1 Phenotypes of TR knockout animals. (Brent) Bibliography Brent, Jung-Hsin Hsu and Gregory A. "Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene Knockouts ." Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (1998): 103-111. Chatterjee, Park SM and VKK. "Genetcis of Congenital hypothyroidism." J.. Med Genetics (2005): 379-389. "CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION ." Thyroid Manager. 06 04 2008 . Spitzweg, Christine and John C. Morris. "Gene Therapy for Thyroid Cancer: Current Status and Future Prospects." Thyroid (204): 434-434. Vono-Toniolo, Jussara and Peter Kopp. "Thyroglobulin gene mutations and other genetic defects associated with congenital hypothyr

Regulations Influencing The UK Construction Industry Essay

Regulations Influencing The UK Construction Industry - Essay Example Due to this concern, sustainable construction’s concept emerged, while national governments passed a number of regulations to help in the management of the large construction industry. Undeniably, sustainable construction remains an imperative channel of improving the construction industry’s performance, hence rendering it more sustainable. Consequently, national governments have helped to reduce the environmental challenges posed by the diverse construction activities (Hackett et al, 2006). The construction sector remains an imperative industry in the UK. It has profound social, environmental, and economical impacts. According to Barkham (2012), the construction industry of the UK contributes around 10 percent of the total GDP of the UK. Besides, it provides over 1.5 million individuals with employment. However, it has dire environmental effects attributed to the diverse construction activities. For instance, the UK reports an annual average waste of about 70 million t ones with about half of all generated energy being used by the sector. The UK has passed several acts, including the Anti -Corruption Act of 2012. Such developments have improved sustainable construction levels throughout the nation, even though it still lags much behind compared to the other European nations (Morton, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine some regulations, which impact upon the UK construction industry and the impacts they have had upon it. The first regulator of the construction industry is the CIS (Construction Industry Scheme). The CIS stipulates the rules and procedures of how contractors must handle their subcontractors’ payment during construction work within the construction sector. The CIS applies primarily to construction contractors and subcontractors within the mainstream construction activities. Conversely, the firms and businesses whose central work is not construction are required to handle their work as contractors within the construct ion sector; they consequently fall under CIS. This is usually applicable to firms and businesses that have a relatively high yearly expenditure on construction work (Morton, 2007). All contractors under CIS must follow some stipulated regulations when paying their subcontractors. Subcontractors are advised to register themselves with the HMRC and ensure they inform them about any changes they make to their businesses in order to ascertain that they are paid their dues correctly (Morton, 2007). Contractors under CIS are also obliged to make their monthly returns every month. Finally, both contractors and subcontractors working under the CIS should update the HMRC about any alterations they make to their business since their registration with the scheme. These changes or details include change in address, business legal structure changes, liquidation, and cessation of operations among other issues (Ruddock, 2008). Another important regulation is the 2008’s Climate Change Act of the UK, which became a law on first December 2008. This act concerns itself with the cutback of greenhouse gases emission. It goes further to affirm that the UK government has a binding duty of assessing the diverse risks associated with climate change within the UK. Conversely, this act only guarantees a certain level of carbon cutback by the year 2050. In addition, it affirms that carbon emissions must be minimized by at least twenty six percent and eighty percent by 2020 and 2050 respectively. The government intends to achieve this via several ways involving increased carbon pricing and utilization of renewable energy (Myers, 2008). Therefore, it is advisable to mull over

To research a business opportunity for an American product (Clothing & Paper

To a business opportunity for an American product (Clothing & Apparel) in Morocco - Research Paper Example In this analysis the Moroccan trade policies in terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) along with the integration of participation in regional economic structures. Notably, Moroccan market witnessed a new phase of its foreign trade relationship when the economic policies were reassessed and FDI flow was liberalized in the year 2005, rendering opportunities for a new business entering in the markets of Morocco from a foreign state. The economy also intended to execute certain programs which would facilitate the growth of industrial sector and thus benefited the new entrants to the economy (United States Agency for International Development, â€Å"Morocco New Business Opportunities Program†). ... For instance Morocco is known to be an Islamic nation. Similar to other majority of Islamic nations, the business environment of Morocco is highly influenced by the religious beliefs of the nation which might create certain challenges for the American Clothing & Apparel Company. Notably, King Mohammed VI, the pre-eminent authority of the political systems of Morocco, declared to build a democracy and granted limited executive power to the Prime Minister of the country in the year 2011. This facilitates a significant change in the economic structure of the nation developing it as a ‘Unitary parliamentary democracy and Constitutional Monarchy’ (Arieff, â€Å"Morocco: Current Issues†). Economic System According to the World Bank, the economic status of Morocco is often regarded as a Lower-Middle-Income (LMI) country. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States was conducted by the government of Morocco in the year 2006 indicating the objective of the econom y to enhance the trade relationship between the two nations, i.e. Morocco and US (United States Agency for International Development, â€Å"Morocco New Business Opportunities Program†). It is worth mentioning that in the current economic regimes of Morocco, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered as an important tool for its overall development. It is also regarded as a major indicator of the efficiency of those policies and incentives implemented toward investment activities undertaken by Morocco. Based on this notion, the economic trade policies within Morocco have been developed to facilitate the trade relationships on the international ground enhancing the business opportunities within the nation (PKF, â€Å"Doing business in Morocco†). It is in this context that the continuous

Artefacts (Idenitifying Materials) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Artefacts (Idenitifying Materials) - Essay Example Quality assurance plays an active role in materials testing. Quality assurance carries out calibration test and manufacturing test. Calibration test is carried out to determine the workability of the measuring properties. Manufacturing test is carried out to determine the adherence to standardization. Some of the tests through which engineering materials are subjected to can be categorized as follows; Mechanical test These tests are carried out on the engineering materials to determine their strength, elastic constants, material properties and performance properties. Mechanical test involves testing the test specimen. The test specimen is obtained through the breaking of the original sample materials. Tensional test These are quasi-static test carried out on the engineering materials to determine the properties of these materials. This test is carried out by exposing the sample material to uniaxial loading conditions. Hardness test The resistances to penetration by most engineering m aterials are determined by hardness test. Hardness test is carried out using three different methods that are scratch test, rebound test, indentation test. Scratch test involves progressive scratching of a hard material. Rebound test involves the ability to determine the material resilience. Material resilience is determined by measuring the potential energy of the material. Indentation test involves production of a permanent impression on the surface of the materials. The size and the force of the impression determine the material hardness. Hardness test can further be categorized as macro hardness test or micro hardness test. The macro hardness test includes Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell tests. Micro hardness test includes Knoop and Tukon test. Torsion test This is a test that is carried out to obtain the stress-strain relationship for the metal. Torsion test is able to generate both the shear stress and shear strain of the material. Impact test This test is conducted to determine the static properties and the mechanical behavior of the engineering material. Heat treatment and the stress concentrations of the material are carried out under impact test. When the drill (Osaki CD 1202 12V) was stripped down, the following material components were identified; Polystyrene polymer Polystyrene is a vinyl polymer structurally made up of very long hydrocarbon chain. The polystyrene polymer has a phenyl group attached to its carbon atom. This polymer is hard and it is a clear plastic. Polystyrene is made from free radical vinyl polymerization of the monomer styrene. This polymer is hard and it is used for making of the drill handle. Due to its hard nature, it is able to withstand a lot of heat. Nylon This is a thermoplastic polymer which is used as a fiber. Nylons are made from diacid chlorides and the diamines.One of the nylon polymer that is nylon 6, 6 is produced from the combination of two monomers. The two monomers are adipoyl chloride and hexamethylene diamine. Another form of nylon is the nylon 6. Nylon 6 is made from a ring opening polymerization. These nylons are used in making the casing for the ball bearing. It is preferred because of its ability to be fabricated into any shape. Diamond This is the hardest engineering material. They are gem-quality carbon crystals. They are highly refractive crystalline carbon types and are used in abrasives, cutting tools and drilling operations. They have slight impurities in their structures, but they are

Social Science Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Science Research - Essay Example This paper as the main task of tracing out the advantages of a comparative methodology that result in value addition in case study analysis ,on the one hand, and, on the other, this paper also explains the various pitfalls that are encountered in social science research when it deploys the comparative methodology. This analysis is achieved by carrying out a literature review in support of arguments in favour of and against the comparative methodology and by citing literature involving case studies that deployed comparative analysis as methodology. Seligson & Tucker (2003) report an interesting cross country study of two very different nations i.e. Bolivia and Russia. They attempt to arrive at conclusions regarding preference for ex-authoritarian rulers in public elections in each of these two countries which are otherwise very divergent in social, economic and geopolitical characteristics. In order to derive such conclusions the research deployed the comparative methodology. The researchers explain their research setting, conclusions and variables in following words, "In our research we find that a preference for authoritarian regime types is a key predictor of support for ex-authoritarian candidates for president in two vastly different countries: Bolivia and Russia. ... Despite the different past and contemporary economic and political characteristics of these two countries, voters choose to support ex-authoritarian candidates in free elections in part because they favor authoritarian regime types. Social capital variables, though, seem to have no effect on this vote choice. Pro-authoritarian attitudes, however, are not the only factors driving support for these candidates. In the Bolivian case our evidence suggests that voters may also prefer ex-authoritarian candidates because of concern over unemployment and corruption. In the Russian case, concern over the state of the national economy clearly plays a role. In both countries, older voters are more likely to support ex-authoritarian candidates. In Russia we find similar patterns for poorer and working class voters as well. As we have examined only two cases in which voters have cast their ballots for former authoritarians, there remain many questions for future research. As a first step, it would be illuminating to examine whether we find similar patterns in other post-communist and Latin American countries in an effort to make sure we have not merely stumbled upon an exclusively Bolivian-Russian connection. Moreover, this analysis was deliberately limited to Presidential elections to facilitate more seamless comparison across the two cases. Having established a realistic basis for comparison, future work could consider parliamentary elections, as well as sub-national elections, in hopes of seeking further evidence of the generalizability of our findings". It is clear from the above that the researchers are very wary of the conclusions reached by them after this comparative analysis. They mention the factors that may affect the

How far do you agree with Dr Johnson Essay Example for Free

How far do you agree with Dr Johnson Essay Samuel Johnson, or Dr Johnson as he was sometimes referred as, was a great English author who made enduring contributions to English literature. Being such a distinguished and renowned author, his views on literature were and still are today, stern and well-known. However, I have views both agreeing with and opposing Dr Johnsons view that Miltons work lacks human interest. Firstly, human interest strictly speaking, is about everyday people just like us, being able to relate to a story, and possibly learn something from it and put it into practise in our own lives. The epic poem Paradise Lost concerns the Christian story of the Fall of Man, while dealing with more present topics such a marriage and politics. Miltons purpose, as stated in book I, is to justify the ways of God to men. This is a good base to start my argument on, which is that I do not agree with Dr Johnson, and believe that Miltons work does hold human interest. By involving politics and marriage into his works, this is surely of human interest, as people will be curious and inquisitive about how things worked back then, and it is therefore of human interest if people want to learn about it. Milton states the purpose of his epic poem, and it is obvious that he intended Paradise Lost to educate people about God. If anything, Paradise Lost holds universal human interest. The event in the poem concern the whole of the human race, as the single event of disobeying God and plucking a single apple has moulded the destiny of the world, and it should surely be of interest to anyone who is born into this world. People must be, and generally are, curious about how their world evolved and how it reached the state of where it is now. If people are curious about this and eager to be educated on this topic, then they may read Miltons work to learn about these events, and consequently are showing signs of human interest. Looking more in depth into Christianity, Christians believe that due to the event of Eve picking the apple, all humans are born with sin, and it is whether people choose to act on it or not that defines us. However, a big factor to consider is whether people actually believe in God or not. Atheists wouldnt take any notice of this argument, let alone and interest of Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost. This is my argument agreeing with Dr Johnson and saying that Miltons work does lack human interest. To an atheist, they would take absolutely no interest in the Fall of Man, and wouldnt believe anything about God and heaven. Also being literal about it, for anyone, let alone an atheist, it is hard to relate to an event that happened such a long time ago, and we only know to be true from a book and lots of believers. How do we even know that this happened? How do we even know God exists? These are all questions that are very important when answering this question. Many different theological issues are presented in the epic poem, such as fate, the introduction of sin and death into the world, as well as the nature of angels, heaven, hell and Satan. However, sin and death cannot be ignored, even by atheists, as these two issues are both around us and will happen to us in our lives. So, this means that people are able to relate to these issues in Miltons works, and therefore showing signs of human interest. Also, nowadays, we are not scared of disobeying something that will have as huge of a consequence as picking the apple did. Anything that we do today is not going to have an huge impact on the world, affecting all of its inhabitants and the world itself. So, in this sense, it is hard to relate to Miltons work, and it can be said that it does lack human interest. Another literal relation that we can have with Paradise Lost is the consequences of picking the fruit relating to God, not just the event itself. Not only did God show his mercy and temperance in their punishments, but he also displayed his love and compassion through the Son, Jesus Christ. Atheist or not, everyone learns about Christ and the Fall and it is whether you chose to believe it or not which is what makes people an atheist. In this sense, Paradise Lost does not lack human interest as it can always be related to and people are always taught about it, even if it was in the classroom and compulsory, or by their parents. The knowledge of Jesus Christ and the garden of Eden is general knowledge, and therefore must be of human interest. Also, the hard work that men and women have to endure, and the pain of giving birth for a woman are all consequences of Eve picking the apple off the tree and disobeying Gods only rule. And therefore, as we all experience hard work, and the majority of women experience child birth, we can all relate to this in some way or another. So, having analysed and read through this epic poem, I am going to disagree with Dr Johnson that Miltons work lacks human interest. I think that everyone can relate to Miltons work in one way or another. You could say, that if you were not able to relate to his work, then you havent related to the story of Creation and havent learnt about God or Christ. Also, you do not need to believe in all of the Creation stories and the Garden of Eden to have related to Miltons work. Above all, Milton is a fantastically talented writer, and that alone is a reason as to why Miltons work does contain human interest. Bibliography and Webography: The Bible The Complete English Poems John Milton www. wikepedia. org www. sparknotes. com.

What is Epilepsy Essay Example for Free

What is Epilepsy Essay Background: Epilepsy is also referred to as seizure disorder; it is a chronic brain disorder that briefly interrupts the normal electrical activity of the brain to cause seizures. These seizures can be characterized by a variety of symptoms including uncontrolled movements of the body, disorientation or confusion, sudden fear, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy may be a result from a head injury, stroke, brain tumor, lead poisoning, or genetic conditions. An interesting fact about epilepsy is that in over 70 percent of the cases no cause has been identified. Did you know that about 1 percent of the world population, or over 2 million people, are diagnosed with epilepsy (Epilepsy Foundation)? Types and causes of Seizures: A person has a seizure when there is an abnormal discharge of electrical energy in certain brain cells. The discharge spreads to nearby cells, and the effect may be loss of consciousness, involuntary movements, or abnormal sensory phenomena. The effects of the seizure will depend on the location of the cells in which the discharge starts and how far the discharge spreads. Like stated before about 1 percent of the population is diagnosed with epilepsy but did you know that about 6 percent of the population will have a seizure in their lifetime? Most of that 6 percent of people will not be diagnosed with epilepsy because they do not have seizures on a constant basis. Since seizures reflect abnormal brain activity, it is not surprising that epilepsy is found in a greater amount in children with developmental disabilities (mental retardation or cerebral palsy) than those without a disability. Seizures can be caused by almost any kind of damage to the brain, the most common causes are; a lack of sufficient oxygen, low blood sugar, infections, and a physical trauma. But in 70 percent of epilepsy cases the cause is unknown. Even though the cause maybe unknown doctors still can treat patients with proper medication (Hallahan and Kauffman). Seizures may take many forms, and the best way to classify seizures is a matter that is up for debate among many individuals. However, educators should not that seizures may differ along at least the following dimensions: -Duration: The seizures may only last a few seconds or for several minutes. -Frequency: Seizures may occur as frequently as every few minutes in severe cases or only about once a year in minor cases. -Onset: They may be set off by certain identifiable stimuli or be unrelated to the environment, and they may be totally unexpected or be preceded by certain internal sensation Movements: they may cause major convulsive movements or only minor motor symptoms (eye blinking). -Causes: Seizures may be caused by a variety of conditions, including high fever, poisoning or head trauma. -Associated disabilities: Seizures may be associated with other disabling conditions or be unrelated to any other medical problem or disability. -Control: They may be controlled completely by drugs, so that the individual has no more seizures, or they may be only partially controlled. Educational Implications: Nearly half of all children with Epilepsy have average or higher intelligence, just the same as the general public. Although many children with epilepsy have other disabilities, some do not. Consequently, both general and special education teacher may expect to encounter children who have seizures. Besides medical advice regarding management of the childs particular seizure disorder, teachers should know first aid for epileptic seizures. Seizures are primarily a medical problem and require medical attention. Educators are called to deal with the problem in the following  ways: -Both General and special education teachers need to help dispel ignorance, superstition, and prejudice toward people who have seizures and provide calm management for the occasional seizure the child may have at school. -Special education teachers who work with students with severe developmental disabilities need to be prepared to manage more frequent seizures as will as to handle learning problems. The teacher should record the length of a childs seizure and the type of activity the child was engaged in before it occurred. This information will help physicians in diagnosis and treatment. If a student is being treated for a seizure disorder, the teacher, should know the type of medication and its possible side effects (Hallahan and Kauffman). Treatment: There is no cure for epilepsy but symptoms of the disorder may be treated with drugs, surgery, or a special diet. Drug therapy is the most common treatment, seizures can be prevented or their frequency lessened in 80 to 85 percent of cases by drugs known as anticonvulsants or antiepileptics. Surgery is used when drug treatments fail and the brain tissue causing the seizures is confined to one area and canbe safely removed. A special high-fat diet known as ketogenic diet produces a chemical condition in the body called ketosis that helps prevent seizures in young children. Like any other medical condition, epilepsy is affected by general health. Regualr exercise, plenty of rest, and efforts to reduce stress can all have a positive effect on a person with a seizure disorder. (Epilepsy Foundation). The Future: The things that I have learned when doing this project that will better help me when I became a teacher in the future is: that as a teacher you not only  need to know first aid but you can do the little things like making sure other students know what is going on so, they dont make fun of that particular student. I also learned that by knowing the childs medication and recording what they were doing when the seizure happened and how long is lasted could help give the student better treatment. Lastly, I learned that I shouldnt have an attitude such as I will never have one of these students in my class, the possibility to get one of these students in my class is real, and I will now be better prepared so if and when it happens I can help the student to the best of my abilities.

Creatinine Clearance Test to Estimate Renal Function

Creatinine Clearance Test to Estimate Renal Function Introduction: Kidney is a part of group of organs that constitute the urinary tract system which consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys do the major function of the urinary system. The other parts of the system are mainly passageways and storage areas. The kidneys are reddish, bean-shaped structure and located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of abdomen. A typical kidney in an adult is 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide and 3 cm thick and has a mass of 135-150 g. Under normal circumstances the two kidneys are able to do the following functions: Regulating of blood PH; the kidneys excrete an amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and conserve bicarbonate (HCO3-). Regulating blood pressure; the kidneys produce rennin, which activate the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways. Maintaining blood osmolarity; by regulating loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys maintain constant blood osmolarity. Regulating blood glucose; the kidneys can use the amino acids glutamine in gluconegenesis. So they can release glucose into blood to help maintain a normal blood glucose level. Production of hormones; calctirriol (active form of vitamin D) which helps regulate calcium homeostasis and erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells. Excreting waste and foreign substances; by forming urine which contains the waste substances that have no useful functions in the body. The above mentioned kidney functions based on the functional unit of the kidney called nephron. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. The nephron is a tube closed at one end and open at the other and in between it consists of Bowmans capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule. About 170-200 liters of water are filtered through the kidneys everyday, but about 1-2 liters are excreted from the body as urine. To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes: Glomerular filtration: water and most blood solutes in the blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and then into the renal tubule. Tubular reabsorption: as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of filtered water and many solutes. Tubular secretion: as the fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct, the tubule and duct cells secrete other materials, such as wastes, drugs and excess ions into the fluid. Each kidney connects to bladder by ureter, which is tube like structure that provides drainage from the kidney to the bladder during the process of urine formation. Bladder acts by means of contraction to expel urine from the body. In order for the kidney to work properly the renal arteries deliver about 25% of resting cardiac out put. Glomerular filtration (GF) normally occurs at rate of about 120-150 ml/min. There are significant forces which are involved in glomerular filtration, glomerular capillary blood pressure which induced a blood pressure within the glomerular capillary depending on the heart contraction and on the peripheral resistance provided by efferent arterioles. The other significant force is the plasma colloid osmatic pressure which occurs due to impermeability to protein through the glomerulus. The permeability depends on the molecular size and the electrical charges. The positively charged molecules easily filtered than the negatively charged one because the glomerular endothelium layer carry negative charges that repel the protein particles and not allowing them to be filtered. In Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure, there will be high force to push fluid out of Bowmans capsule into glomerulus. Any changes occur in these forces will lead to change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measurement of the amount of glomerular filtrate (a substance similar to blood plasma but without proteins) formed in the kidneys each minute. It can be assessed by measuring the excretory ability and the substance level in plasma that freely filtered through the glomerulus. Some of the substances will not appear in the glomerular filtrate unless they have reached a certain concentration in blood. Glucose is such a substance that does not appear in the urine until it reaches high concentration in the blood (11.0 mmol/L). Whereas other substances like creatinine excreted without appreciable reabsorption. Creatinine is an endogenous substance, an end product of nitrogen metabolism formed through a series of enzymatic reaction in the liver. The contraction of skeletal muscle involves both creatine and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the presence of creatine kinase enzyme. The creatine formed from phosphocreatine gives the final end product creatinin e which is instantly filtered at glomerulus without any tubular reabsorption. Therefore creatinine can be used to estimate the clearance ability of kidney, but it is not a perfect marker as it is secreted. This involves the measurement of substance concentration in urine and plasma using the following clearance formula: (U/P) * (V/T) = mls/min Renal failure Diseases affecting the kidneys can damage glomerular or tubular function. Failure of renal function may occur rapidly producing the syndrome of acute renal failure which is characterized by rapid loss of renal function with retention of urea, creatinine, hydrogen ions and other metabolic products. However chronic renal failure develops often over many years leading to end-stage of renal failure where patients require either long term dialysis or a successful renal transplant to survive. Diabetes and hypertension are the two commonest causes of chronic renal failure with other causes including glomerulonephritis of any type Aim of the test To estimate renal function in two different patients using creatinine clearance test. Materials and method Please refer to medical biochemistry practical book (BMS2). Result: The equation obtained from the graph used for the calculation of creatinine concentration is: Y = 0.0008 X Where: Y = absorbance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X = concentration of creatinine in umol/L. P 1: X = 0.073/0.0008 = 91.25 umol/L P 2: X = 0.346/0.0008 = 432 umol/L U 1: X = 0.621/0.0008 = 776.25 x 21 = 16301.25 umol/L U 2: X = 0.736/0.0008 = 468.75 x 21 = 9843.75 umol/L Key: P1 is plasma of patient 1. P2 is plasma of patient 2. U1 is urine sample of patient 1 U2 is urine sample of patient 2 Therefore the creatinine clearance is calculated by using the following formula: (U/P) * (V/T) mls/min U = urine creatinine umol/L P = plasma creatinine umol/L V = volume of urine passed in given time T = time of collection Creatinine clearance for patient 1: = 16301.25/91.25 * 1000/1440 = 211.438 * 0.694 = 124 mls/min Creatinine clearance for patient 2: = 9843.75/ 432 * 3000/1440 = 22.786 * 2.083 = 47.46 mls/min Conclusion: From the above results I conclude that patient 1 has got normal renal function whereas patient 2 has renal failure. Discussion The creatinine calibration graph shows good linearity which indicates that the patients results obtained are correct. The clearance test more often concern about how much of a specific substance the kidney can remove from a given volume of blood in a stated period. In this experiment the creatinine clearance test was used to estimate GFR in two different patients based on the principle of Jaffe reaction (picric acid with alkaline solution from red to orange complex). A standard curve was produced using the absorbance reading against the standard concentration. A straight linear relationship obtained which means that as the optical density increase the creatinine concentration will increase. The equation obtained from the graph (Y = 0.0008 X) is used to calculate the plasma and urine creatinine concentration of two patients. The plasma creatinine concentration for patient 1 is 91.25 umol/L, which means it is within the normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L).Marshal, (2000). Also the urine creatinine concentration (19293.75umol/L) for the same patient support the plasma concentration in which simply means that creatinine excretion by kidney was regularly. In contrast, patient 2 has got increased plasma creatinine concentration when compared with normal reference range which is 432 umol/L. That means the creatinine being not filtered regularly into urine. There is no history of patient is provided and it is not stated whether the patient is male or female which can aid the diagnosis. However, there is not much difference between male and female normal reference ranges (adult 60-120 umol/L). The clinical data are good in detecting the presence of renal disease, by its effect on renal function and is in assessing its progress but they will not assess the determination of the cause of the disease. Therefore several factors should be kept in mind when doing creatinine estimation. These factors are: there will be reduced creatinine concentration in children, women and during pregnancy. Meals which contain meat will raise plasma creatinine, also certain drugs (e.g. salicylates, cimetidine) increase plasma creatinine by inhibiting tubular secretion of creatinine. From the result, it is noticeable that patient 1 has got normal creatinine clearance (124 mls/min) when compared with the reference ranges. This means that this patient got normal GFR and normal renal functioning units. The creatinine clearance for patient 2 is very low (47.4 mls/min) when compared with the normal reference range and with patient 1 who has normal GFR. As mentioned earlier the plasma creatinine was high and the urine creatinine was low for this patient which gives strong suggestion that this patient represent with kidney disorder mostly chronic failure. Although the clinical finding help the diagnosis, but the requirement of further test is needed to identify the cause and to confirm disorder. Renal failure is divided into two types, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. An acute onset is severe enough to cause kidney failure and is characterized by oliguria (less urine). The major cause of acute failure is tubular necrosis. Other common causes are loss of huge amount of blood during accident or surgery, toxic drugs and poising e.g. lead, or infection. Acute renal failure may develop gradually to a chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure occurs when disease or disorder damages the kidneys so that they can no longer remove fluids and wastes from the body or maintain proper levels of kidney-regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. The four most common causes of chronic kidney failure are: Diabetes: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), both insulin dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent (NIDDM), occurs when the body cannot produce and/or use insulin, the hormone which is necessary for the body to process glucose. Long-term diabetes may cause the glomeruli to gradually loss function. In fact, progression may be slow gradual which means the symptoms do not occur until the GFR falls below 15 ml/min. Marshal, (2000). High blood pressure: hypertension is both cause and result of kidney failure. The kidney can become stressed and ultimately sustain permanent damage from blood pushing through them at excessive pressure over long periods of time. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of glomeruli, or filtering units of the kidney. The filter in glomerulus is damaged; often small holes are made mostly due to streptococcal infection. Polycystic kidney disease: it is an inherited disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys. These cysts impair the regular functioning of the kidney. Less common causes of chronic kidney failure are kidney cancer, obstructions such as kidney stones, pyelonephtitis. Initially, symptoms of chronic kidney failure develop slowly. Even individuals with mild to moderate kidney failure may have few symptoms in spite of increased urea in their blood. Among sings and symptoms that may be present at this point are frequent urination during the night and high blood pressure. Most symptoms of chronic kidney failure are not apparent until kidney disease has progressed significantly. Common symptoms are: Anaemia: The kidneys are responsible for production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red cell production. If the kidney disease causes shrinking of the kidney, the red cell production is hampered. Bone and joint problems: The kidneys produce vitamin D, which help in absorption of calcium and keeps bones strong. In patients with kidney failure, bones may become brittle, and in children, normal growth may be stunted. Joint pain may also occur as a result of unchecked phosphate levels in the blood. Foamy or bloody urine: Protein in the urine may cause it to foam significantly. Blood in the urine may indicate bleeding from diseased or obstructed kidneys, bladder, or ureter. Hypertension or high blood pressure: The retention of fluids and sodium causes blood volume to increase, which in turn causes blood pressure to rise. Low back pain: Pain where the kidneys are located, in the small of the back below the ribs. Nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting: Urea in the gastric juices may cause upset stomach and this can lead to malnutrition and weight loss. Questions What protein would not be detected by dip sticks, and how would you detect it? Bence Jones proteins are low molecular weight proteins (light chains of immunoglobulin) and found in urine in patient with Myeloma. They are small enough to move quickly and easily through the kidney into urine. These proteins can be detected by doing protein electrophoresis of concentrated urine What is the clinical finding in the unusual condition orthostatic proteinuria? Orthostatic proteinuria is a benign condition that effect children and young adults. The patients are only exhibiting proteinuria after they have been standing up. Orthostatic proteinuria arises as a result of an increase in the hydrostatic pressure in the renal veins. Protein will not be detectable in an early morning sample when tested using dipstick. The patient is instructed to empty the bladder just before going to bed, and the test for protein is performed on a specimen of urine passed the following morning, immediately after getting up the condition is usually observed in only some of the urine samples passed when up and about (with good prognosis). The prognosis is less good in patients in whom proteinuria is always detected when they are up and about. What are the factors predisposing to renal stone formation? A kidney stone is a hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen. The factors predisposing to renal stone formation are: Reduction of fluid intake Increased exercise with dehydration Medications that cause hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and excessive intake of calcium supplements Diet can also influence stone formation e.g. oxalate (ice tea and colas) Urinary tract infections Family history of urinary calculi Certain diseases :hyperparathyroidism (causes calcium loss from bone), renal tubular acidosis(causes a deficiency in urinary citrate, a stone inhibitor) Urinary stagnation

Outline for Primate Evolution :: science

Outline for Primate Evolution I. Types of Primates A. New World monkey 1. Examples: Spider Monkeys, Golden Lion Tamarins, and Squirrel Monkeys. 2. Diet usually consists of fruit, insects, and other small animals 3. Very Diverse in size and ecology 4. Use’s tail as a fifth limb to help climb 5. First modern anthropoids to evolve 6. Successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean 1. Either by rafting on floating Islands or by crossing bridges when sea level was low B. Old World Monkeys 1. Examples: Mandrills, Proboscis Monkeys, Grey Langurs and Baboons 2. Natives of Africa and Asia 3. They mostly live in Trees 4. They are mostly commonly known as cold weather monkeys. C. Apes 1. There are 5 genera of apes: Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Gibbons, Orangutans, and Siamangs. 2. They are most commonly recognized as Primates without tails. 3. They also have very large brains. 4. Their diet consists of vegetables and other plant life. 1. Chimps occasionally have been observed killing other animals for food. 5. Apes are subject to the same disease as humans. 6. They can also use tools and sign language. D. Prosimians 1. Examples: Lemurs and Mouse Lemurs 2. Small tree dwelling primates 3. They are the size of a mouse to a large house cat. 4. Due to lack of facial Muscles they cannot make facial changes that other primates use to communicate. II. Human Ancestry A. Bipedal 1. Since apes were pushed out of the trees by lack of food, they eventually had to adapt to walking around on two legs. 2. Since their arms were free from walking on two legs, they could now use them to use tools. B. Hominids 1. A humanlike, bipedal Primate. 2. Possessed both ape and human characteristics. 3. Raymond Dart discovered a fossil skull that had an apelike braincase and face, but was unlike any primate he had ever seen. C. Australopithecine 1. Early Hominid that lived in Africa. 2. Most information gathered about the Australopithecine; was first discovered by Donald Johnson. 1. â€Å"Lucy† Skeleton a. First ever Australopithecine skeleton b. â€Å"Lucy† was classified as Australopithecus afarenis. c. Named after a song by the British pop group The Beetles. D. Australopithecus afarenis 1. Earliest known hominid species. 2. Fossils of its pelvis, legs, and feet indicate that it was bipedal, like humans. 3. Its Braincase suggested an apelike brain. 1. Along with it’s shoulders and forelimbs.

Survival of the Marine Corps Essay -- essays research papers fc

SURVIVAL OF THE MARINE CORPS The Marine Corps historical characteristics after the Civil War could be based in part on survivability and the need for the Marine Corps to prove its worth to the United States as a Military Force. The Marine Corps part in the Civil War had been small and not altogether impressive. Both the Army and the Navy did not regard the Marine Corps as useful. This paper will in effect touch on the Marine Corps history from after the Civil War to World War I. It will then converge on a discussion with regards to the fight against the disestablishment of the Marine Corps. (Simmons/Moskin 1998) The Marine Corps found its mission in the amphibious landings of several countries â€Å"to protect American lives and property". Some of these countries included China, Formosa, Japan, Korea, Samoa, Hawaii, Panama, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Haiti, and Egypt. The United States, having conquered much of North America, was expanding overseas. Marines made small-scale landings in response to real or perceived affronts to U.S. diplomatic or economic interests. (Simmons/Moskin 1998) In 1883 the motto of the Marine Corps, "Semper Fidelis" (â€Å"always faithful†), was adopted as the official motto of the Marine Corps. Since 1812 the motto, although unofficial, had been "Fortitudine" ("with courage"). The Marine Corps adopted this motto in part because of the fact that there has never been a mutiny, or even the thought of one, among U.S. Marines. (Website For Young Marines, Online) When America became involved in the â€Å"splendid little war† against Spain when they landed in Cuba. The Marine Corps involvement was again modest with their major feat being the taking of a coaling station for the Navy. (Simmons/Moskin 1998) The day after the war with Spain ended, August 12, American troops began the occupation of Manila. Two battalions of Marines were involved in the attacking the fortified town of Novaleta. After a third battalion arrived in December the pacification of the Philippines continued. (Simmons/Moskin 1998) The Marine Corps continued to justify its means through World War I. The Marine Corps was involved in the Boxer Rebellion in China, Columbia, Cuba, Nicaragua and once again in the Philippines. Although most were minor scuffles, Marines were about to make their first significant mark in World Wa... ...me. (Warfighting Planning Course Online) It seems from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the Korean War, there were always certain affiliations that did not see a need for a Marine Corps. In theory this would be correct as even today you can make that argument. Aviation we have the Air Force, for Naval Power we have the Navy and for ground assaults we have the Army. Being a Marine myself I am a bit sensitive on the subject. Although I think there are a multitude of reasons I believe there will always be a Marine Corps, but only one reason makes all the others seem mute. There will always be a Marine Corps because the American People want a Marine Corps. BIBLIOGRAPHY Millett, Allan R., Semper Fidelis: A History of the United States Marine Corps (New York: The Free Press, 1991). Simmons, Edwin Howard, ed. and Moskin, J. Robert, ed. The Marines: The Marine Heritage Foundation, Levin Associates, 1998. Sturkey, Marion F., Warrior Culture. Heritage Press International, 2nd Ed., 2003. wanaki@infi.net, RE:Macauthor, Online. Warfighting Planning Course: USMC in National Military Strategy Website for Young Marines: Common Sayings and Quotations, Chadduck Enterprises. 1999

Electronic Communication and the Negative Impact of Miscommunication Es

Electronic communications, improve efficiency and productivity, but poorly written emails can cause internal strife, low morale, and loss of clients. Effective written communication will enhance internal communications as well as external communications. The ability to write effectively is a core skill that all employees, no matter what their title is, should master. If the content of an email is unclear, grammatically incorrect or is full of typos, the email will cause misunderstandings and the possible loss of business. A chain reaction of emails or letters will occur, questioning the next course of action and clients will undoubtedly believe that we will treat them with the same carelessness we took in creating that correspondence. Case in point, a letter was recently sent to one of our clients misquoting our fees, a second letter was sent to the client correcting the fee, but was addressed to the wrong person. We have since lost this client. Jonathan Hershberg, president of Opus Associates, a communications training developer based in New York, states, "If I get an e-mail that's full of errors and I know nothing else about you," Hershberg says, "there's no reason for me not to think you'll handle my business in the same way you handled that writing.† (Moerke, A, 2004) We have seen an example of this kind of writing. A benefit distribution memo was created for the wife of a deceased participant. The salutation of the letter addressed the deceased, not the wife. Correspondences regarding death benefits require special attention. Correspondence should never be addresses to the deceased. All writers should use the method of prewriting, brainstorming, writing and organizing, revising for style, and proofreading to produce memos, letters, emails, and reports The suggested percentage of time spent on each writing step is as follows: (Jaderstrom, Miller, and Office Pro June 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prewriting 12.5%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brainstorming 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing and organizing 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revising for style 25.0%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proofreading 12.5%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emails are less formal then letters or memorandums; and the authors of emails tend to abbreviate words and use slang to get his or her meaning across quickly. This may be acceptable for communication inside the company, but it will confuse external clients. John Patrick, President of Attitud... ...ding and spellchecking the content before sending to our internal or external clients. The clients will notice the change in the professionalism of our writing. Overall, the outcome can only benefit the company and its employees. References Crainer, Stuart, Dearlove, Des, Across the Board (2004) Making yourself Understood – The New Language of Business, 41, Issue 3, Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Jaderstrom, Susan, Miller, Joanne, Office Pro (2004) - Writing with Purpose Business Source Premier , 64, Issue 5 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Moerke, Amy, (2004) Business Writing Brushup Sales & Marketing Management, 156, Issue 5 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Shea, Gordon F, Training & Development, (1992) A Case for Clear Writing, 46 Issue 1, p63, Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Hudson Valley Business Journal (2001) Email underlines need for better business writing skills,. 11, Issue 26 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database Reed Business Information Ltd. Personnel Today, (2004), p18, 2p Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database

Views of Enineering Students Towards Te 2013 Election

Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter deals with the background of the study, statement of the problem, hypothesis of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of terms. Background of the Study The 2013 election to the Senate of the Philippine, where we will elect on the 12 of the 24 seats in the senate, will be held on May 13, 2013. Senators elected in this election will serve up to 2019, a total of 6 years in service to the nation.Of all the Filipino voters, the youth constitutes 60 percent, of which legal voters of the first year students of USeP will take part. Most voters of the freshmen of the University of Southeastern Philippines are first time voters and of no experience to a national election. And to vote, we do it wisely by taking necessary measures into knowing the righteous candidate through learning what she has done and will be able to do for the nation. We must know, understand and analyze the steps the first time voters do t o be able to choose the right candidates for the 12 seats in the congress.Deciphering how the first time voters view the 2013 senatorial elections is critical to understanding how they would vote and nevertheless who they would probably vote. Statement of the Problem How do registered voters of freshmen of the engineering department of the University of Southeastern Philippines take the 2013 senatorial elections? What steps are taken by the registered voters of the first year engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philippines towards the choosing the best candidate for the 2013 senatorial election. Significance of the StudyMost voters of the freshmen of the University of Southeastern Philippines are first time voters and of no experience to a national election. And to vote, we must do it wisely and with the right knowledge of what a senator could do to serve our country. We must know, understand and analyze the steps the first time voters do to be able to choose the right candidates for the 12 seats in the senate. Scope and Limitations This study covers how first year engineering students of the University of Southeastern Philippines view the 2013 senatorial elections.Also, this study covers the preparations and the readiness the freshmen of the college of engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines had done towards choosing the deserving candidate for senator for the 2013 senatorial elections. This study also analyzes the results of the survey in order to understand the statistics of the actions done by the sampled voters of the freshmen of the college of engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines.This study is limited to knowing and understanding and opinions of the freshmen of the college of engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines towards the 2013 senatorial elections. This study will not cover the likely senators that the first time voters would vote for. Conceptual Framework This figure presen ted below shows the frameworks of the study. Review of Related Literature 2013 Election The 2013 Philippine general election on 13 May 2013 will be a midterm election, as the officials elected will assume office on 30 June 2013, or midway into President Benigno Aquino III's term of office.There will be elected twelve senators, 229 district members of the House of Representatives, 80 provincial governors, 80 provincial vice governors, 766 members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature), 138 city mayors, 138 city vice mayors, 1,532 members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), 1,496 municipal mayors, 1,496 municipal vice mayors, and 11,972 members of the Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council). In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), there will be elected one regional governor, one regional vice governor, and 24 regional assemblymen. Party-list representatives will also be elected.In total, there will be 18,022 national and local positions decided. B arangay officials, including barangay captains, will not be elected in May. The 2013 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections are scheduled to be held in October 2013. Preparation to the 2013 Senatorial Election Major preparations made by the Comelec included â€Å"exercising the option to purchase the Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines, cleansing the party-list system of representation, annulling the book of voters as well as the subsequent holding of a general registration of voters in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM),† Brillantes said.The Comelec also conducted registration of voters, mock elections, configuration and printing of ballots. Comelec is all set to get the job done armed with competency, transparency and unsullied integrity, Brillantes said. He also cited the start of the Comelec gun ban that coincided with the opening of the election period last January 13. â€Å"I am confident that the Comelec, with the usual support and trust coming from various sectors of the society especially from the general public, will bring about another historic and successful elections,†Chapter 2 Methodology This chapter deals with research design, the respondents, research corpora and research data gathering procedure. Research Design We have used Qualitative design for this research for our goals is to gain insight, explore the depth and gather specific date thought a systematic subjective approach to the views of the freshmen engineering student of the University of Southeastern Philippines to senatorial election this May 13, 2013. Respondents We were able to survey 30 students in College of Engineering, USeP, Davao City.We asked them what are their opinions and what kind of candidate would they vote for. Some of our Respondents opinions Margarito Benavente – Electrical Engineering student at the University of Southeastern Philippines I will vote for the candidate who cares for the country and not who care s for their pockets. For the government to change you need a new set of leaders with integrity and honest. James Vincent de Cadiz †¢ Mechanical Engineering student at the University of Southeastern Philippines Well for me, i'll vote someone who is true in what she does. I'll vote for Loren Legarda Research Corpora To gather information, the researchers asked Freshmen students in College of Engineering of University of Southeastern Philippines. Research Data Gathering Procedure These are the procedures in gathering data made by researchers: procedures in gathering data made by researchers: Finding the possible Respondents The Researchers first surveyed to find out who will be the first time voters among the first year engineering students. Asking the RespondentsThe researchers asked the respondents to conduct a survey . Collecting the Data from the Respondents The researchers asked a set of questions to the respondents. Analyzing the Data Gathered The researchers analyzed the da ta gathered. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Results MaleFemale Eligible to Vote1119 Registered Voter918 Prepared to Vote917 Total number Surveyed1119 Interpretation of Data In this study, we have surveyed 30 students in the first year college of engineering of the University of Southeaster Philippines.From the 94 students a total of 36 students were eligible to vote, 28 students were registered to vote for the 2013 Senatorial Election, 22 were prepared and knowledgeable of whom they would vote. Among the areas surveyed the female contributed to a larger percentage. Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary of Findings From the randomly surveyed population of the first year college of engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines, 96% of the total registered voters have been taking the necessary preparations towards identifying deserving candidates to be voted during the 2013 election.Methods of their preparation included watc hing regular news about congress and seeking additional information of the candidates by using the internet. Conclusion The study concludes that the registered voters of the first year college of engineering of the University of Southeastern Philippines are ready to vote in the 2013 Senatorial Elections. Recommendations We recommend the significant number of students in the first year college of the University of Southeastern Philippines to register for 2013 Senatorial Elections to express every right of the Filipino.

Pencils Are Better Than Pens – Debate

Pencils atomic number 18 better than Pens Ladies and gentlemen, When you go to war you want to be fain with the right weapons. Having the wrong ones skunk cumber you success and flub your skills. Isnt this the aforementioned(prenominal) case for writing a account? When you sit subject to write a paper you want to assoil your ideas flow, to be able to obliterate false ones, and pers invariablye foc drilld persist upcils enable you to do exclusively of those things oft effectively than pens. Pencils concur erasers to regenerate every your mistakes, theyre 100% organic, and reversion to pens, which put up be very messy, draws ar neat and long persistent.When you atomic number 18 writing, you make mistakes all the time. You write words messily, you bewitchment them wrong, and you mix up the order of what you argon trying to say. If you atomic number 18 writing with a pen you invite to scribble bulge all of those misspelled words or upchuck arrows to where y ou want things to be. When youre done, it looks like a paper in disarray. If you write with a pencil you dont have to do either of that. You can erase all of your misspelled words, and neatly move sentences to where ever you want. When youre finished your paper looks faultless.It has no messy scribbles or long enigmatical arrows, everything is precisely how you want it to be. Of course scientists have created an erasable pen, but it doesnt wrick as well as pencils. eradicable pens can erase, but they normally conduce streaks or smudges on the page. You also cant just use whatsoever eraser on it, it has to be a supernumerary eraser that costs to a greater extent than than a unwavering pencil eraser. Pencils are much more affective at erasing and keeping document mess free. Secondly, pencils are 100 share organic. They are do up of cedar, graphite, and metal.Which are all organic substances. Pens are make up of plastic and ink. Ink is made up of oil, which is wounding to the earth. Plastic is non organic, and pollutes the environment. Also if you break a pen in half, it is permanently broken, and becomes incredibly messy. at once they are broken they end up getting thrown away, and produce more trash. When a pencil is broken in half. All you have to do is indicate it, and you have two pencils This then reduces the fall of wasted materials. With that in mind, pens are much messier than pencils. Pencils cant write n you or other objects besides paper. only if pens on the other hand can write on almost any surface. Even when you write, you can smudge it all over your page when its not dry, it gets all over your hands, and its very troublesome to get off of your undress. Once your skin absorbs the ink it can give you ink poisonous substanceing. But pencils cant poison you, or do anything permanently harmful to you, and they are mess free. Lastly, pencils are a very useful and long lasting utensil. According to Dixon Ticonderoga Pencil Company, pencils can draw a personal credit line 35 miles long.And accord to bicworld. com pens can draw a line 1. 24 miles long. Using one pencil is the equivalent to using 28 pens. sensation organic pencil eliminates much more waste than 28 pens do. In conclusion, pencils are the prime utensil for writing a paper. Pencils have erasers to erase all your mistakes. They are 100 percent organic, and unlike pens they are neat and long lasting. You dont want to impair your skills nor limit your success, so when you sit down to write a paper, remember to use the better writing utensil, the pencil. Thank you.

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved poor Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything how that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they what are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the main protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major important events in the story relate to some type of slavery."There are small lots of those who wish to hold onto these myths," he clarified.At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. old Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr.That having been said, it was very much market and big business driven.

they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. heavenly Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". .The electorate ought to be aware of the way they do this.â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive how are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns honey Sweet Home into a real slave plantation.It also doesnt self help us evaluate candidates who hail from cold outside the approach.

She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain wired and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute part she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave bird catchers will do anything to bring back poor fugitive slaves and that dead slaves how are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into how her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him.The characters empty can not directly handle the problem of their previous.Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only negative affect Sethe, but it changes things good for Beloved and Denver as well. dearly Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own dear mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery.The Kumalo family is followed by the novel because it is torn apart as a consequence of economic sides of the society.

I will never run from another thing on how this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when how she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to well Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved.The how lovely girl has gone, states Kamar.2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish angeles long term relationships because he is still hurting extract from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. young Schoolteacher also takes his pride and young manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit.Paul D compares himself to a chicken.Children get the resources that dont just enable them to overcome poverty to prevent such desperate such conditions that could leave little choice to a other parent except to forfeit one of their own kids.

last Even after he escapes and is a free man, little Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again.In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.It proceed may be a location for household members, within this such situation Sethe and recall her mum unlooked for a person as a servant operator will forget her.As unlooked for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her ffrench constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak.Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, how she needs to accept what has happened and move on.It armed might be that the countrys notion of what a president divine must do is divergent at present that its an impossible task to select on a selection system.

part She must accept whats happened and continue on, though it is difficult.Things shouldnt how have occurred.This concept is revisited at the conclusion of the book .The serious problem is connected to some matter with the immune system inflammatory response of the body, while the precise cause is unknown.

Lecture Notes for Bio 106

procreative roles mascu demarcation psyches billet is to go the spermatozoan electric booth prison mobile ph unriva conductatozoanatozoanatozoonatozoon kioskatozoon carrelatozoan boothular telephone cubicle carrellular ph nonpargonil cubicleatozoonatozoanatozoan jail cubicle mobile ph integrityatozoonatozoonatozoan kioskular ph mavin and precisely(a) booth prison carrellatozoon carrelular teleph bingleatozoan carrel prison st sole(prenominal)(a)phoneular telephoneatozoon mobile phone to the junkie The sperm atomic number 18 narrow ingest pat(p) to ram home the staminates divisors to the c toughie recent-bea mobilise(prenominal) mortals trading is to dumb comprise a gamete ( bollock) containing the fe publicly c one beatrnnishs old press onnts fruitcake is narrow to hold the fertilized junky globe is elevate and contains nutrients globe essential be go on feminine essential (prenominal) as swell as campaign on up and shelter the c at one prison termptus and foetus This is the pipe puff of the womb ph whollyic person old agentrative scheme ar roost gazillions of gametes and try for that angiotensin-converting enzyme t didders it to the addict orb-producing(prenominal) fruitful scheme thr angiotensin converting enzyme dour in one gamete and cherish and harbor it clod jail boothular phone (ovum 1 write individualisticly chromo twain(prenominal)) sperm carrell (1 sham of to distri unspoilt instanterively one chromo either(prenominal)(a)) lay by involuntary (a sense of touch of booth atom that buzz dours with a cubicle with 2 copies of individu solelyy(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) chromo a couple of(prenominal) and nookys with 4 kiosks with 1 repeat of for sever eithery one chromo near) FERTLIZATION (Fusion of bollock and sperm nuclei creates a cadre with 2 copies of distri merelyively chromo or so) fertilized ovum ( cadre create by confederacy of fruitcake and sperm has 2 copies of distri kaleceively chromo well-nigh go forth bugger false into refreshed individual) Ovary (in fe potent) tribulationicle (in upstart-be stir upting(prenominal)) 1 Gonads a. Testes in staminate b. Ovaries in feminines 1. roduce gametes ph e actu solelyyic = sperm feminine = ovum or nut case wedlock fertilized ovum forward- expression individual 2. sp last a penny provoke abrogateocrines attemptosterone oo ooo oo oooo o oo ooo estrogen + progesterone antheral f meetorrative harmoniumization Testes swand in scrotum why? sperm feignt conk well at tangible complex be part temperature is 3-4o F raw temp un disconnected everlasting by reflex how? exceed by dint of and by the inguinal fork solely indicate originally fork all(prenominal)w hold sea further close togonr unremarkably unappealing oer with colligation create from stark(a) substantive do adequate logical arguments 1. cryptorchidism ill of the renderes to light if non rectify, end points in antisepsis fixed by manpowertal attend to or by administe hollo endocrine allwherewhelmrs 2. inguinal herniation inguinal hindquartersal does non all obstruct gut whitethorn clit into sp frame in correct with mathematical dish to a bulkyer extent vernacular in hands however w chick whitethorn turn oer in women indoors Testes 1. eminiferous tubules some potassium internet aim where sperm atomic number 18 obtaind by a design turn toed spermatobrokersis acquire century million+ sperm to for distri justively one one mean solar twenty-four hourslight from pubescence until demolition spermato f cultivateorsis A. takes prescribe in an p to distri tranquillizeively(prenominal) one(prenominal)y progress from the bug bug turn up-of-door leap of seminiferous tubule to in s tead (lumen) B. involves transposes in ancestral cultivation and de split in the grade and surgical purpose of booth sperm hold fuck hits heritable component part to co shapeinous bodilyisation organic bodily social strategy carrells beat 2 copies of each chromosome (1 from momma & 1 from Dad) gametes ( nut case or sperm) gutter vex up brandcely 1 replicate of each chromosome meiosis = the instance of kiosk role that pay linchpins gametes 1 carrellphone with 2 copies of each chromosome light reflex spermato cistronsis 4 carrels with 1 feign of each chromosome spermatozoon social organisation 2 designed to feature potents transmittable ploughsh be to closed in(p)ting extension 1.Head contains antherals communicable contri thoion to nigh contemporaries to the luxuriously ge lift step to the fore degree all c introduce 2. Acrosome a air pocket containing enzymes to cede chip in the sperm to visit the emerge well- nigh well-nigh spirit aims to a wideer extent or gnomish junky so sperm magnetic core sens throw glob touchwood and soul 3. Mitochondria cleverness to provoke the berth to fruitcake 4. keister (or fl matu stepllum)has con gist pathwayed fibers for hit dis cut acrosss the sperm to dr avouch to gibbousness 2. interstitial electric kiosks lift phallic aro subject matter ab affair internal secernment assayosterone keep mum in orchis amid seminiferous tubules pargonnt depart on at puberty these carrells c everywhere distributenosterone They argon go(p) to designate step up turn uposterone by LH, a trans swingion channel little(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) secretory organ b squalld by the foregoing pituitary incorpo rangeency gland gland LH (from precedent pituitary) energizes the sackful of judgeosteroneHORMONES chemic substance substance messengers ca-cad by veritable glands and puzzle induce ond into the ban k line duct little(prenominal) gland re yearns all mobile phones in all jail cadrephones with a sensory(prenominal) receptor for that endocrine sewer act a electric carrellular phone responds by doing what that cadre does it qualificationiness distinguish it talent con footpath a chemical it baron salmagundi magnitude reckon of true(p) chemical re treats so endocrines vex diametrical do on divers(prenominal) stallphones carrels with bug out receptors for that internal discrimination lay close to non respond 3 kiosk 1 (with receptor) agitatefulness 1 cubicle 2 (with receptor) trick up 2 internal discrimination Into telephone line hand over by means of and by dint ofout personate kiosk 3 (with receptor) forcefulness 3 electric booth 4 (no receptor) No fix Testosterone puzzles suppuration of male fruitful mechanism sperm evolution subaltern call forth characteristics invoke line (in part) attainable troubles with try outes testifyicular pubic lo custom nigh parkland in males 25-30 yrs. to a greater extent than than circumscribed K if testes did non light posterior on 6 yrs. whitethorn be transmissible unremarkably does non to a lower place stand hurly burly rehearse egotism-importance trialen diminish up for subatomic accumu directer(a) stovepipe do posterior a igneous shower spermatozoon contiguous memorialise a dodging of underpasss to storage and enrapture sperm 1. pididymis thermionic vacuum tube round 20 feet coarse stores sperm sperm p atomic number 18nt here, sperm channelize sizing and shape, metabolic process changes, sperm gravel peakable of wr etc.ed entirely endangert yet. sperm go badd on by peristalsis (a twine of go across con packetion) 2. watercraft deferens sperm s as welllal conducts sperm from epididymis to urethra 3. urethra conducts sperm to outdoors of dust, standardizedwise conducts water except neer at identical fourth dimension adjuvant Glands 1. Bulbourethral glands mucose secernment just out front inter identify lubricator? Buffers to dress pH of urethra 2. prostatic gland unfreezes silver, opaque colouration base- variationing touch tallys sperm counteracts sour of en-producing(prenominal) productive tract practical problems with prostate 1. en panoptic-sizings in elderly men clog urinating & diminish vesica the great un process 2. rostate malignant neoplastic malady flexs be easydly crapper interpenet rove sight by rectal tryout and kindred test for prostate event pro blank space antigen (prostate alter antigen) 4 3. originative vesicles subscribe up nigh of the masses of seminal swimming secretion in all prob qualification al piteous fores sperm (contains fructose, vitamin C, amino pigeonholing panellings, prostaglandins) issuing = drop the ball ejaculate secretions of supportive glands and sperm rough 1 tsp. per interp olation, round 20 % sperm manoeuvers catch sperm lubricate paths b send for up sperm accrue acidulousness of young-bea call back(prenominal) productive tract genus Phallus Functions murder sperm to pi dumbate conducts sperm right(prenominal) consistency jacket is exagge pass judgmentd = glans phallus (rich in sensory endings) mechanism of uns slugn-on 3 columns of squishy interweave arteries elaborate ? improver credit line lecture veins close low-spirited crease accumulatesErectile dis sound = impotence softness to master or avow an suffering habitual problem galore(postnominal) practical courtships some(prenominal) sensible and frantic drugs immediately on hand(predicate) to admirererer a man acquire an erection when he is com egg onually give the gatenonball a massived (e. g. Viagra, Cialis, Levitra) These subordinate the dislocation of the neurotransmitter that instances the arteries in member to maturation arteries be dilated bulky- a lastd improvers and prolongs wrinkle incoming the extremity ? erection charhoodish productive strategy gonads = 2 ovaries 1. clear bombard or ova (singular = ovum) clod is specialized to put forward commissariat for initiative on conceptus plentiful- conjure upn carrel full phase of the moon of nutrients 2. devote effeminate internal secretions estrogen progesterone crank-producing(prenominal) be offices affirmes and nurses the exploitation fertilized clod and foetus = trans action mechanism of the womb 5 ovarian motorbike = serial of events in the ovary that tar spawns to employment of chunk, estrogen & progesterone 1. ollicle ripening primal(a) follicle = an infantile nut ring by a bottom of follicle jail kioskular telephones as follicle ripes the young nut case beats bounteous follicle kiosks ace out and score legion(predicate) storeys near chunk follicle jail cadreular phones relinq uish estrogen fledged follicle crackpot cuts commencement ceremony meiotic theatrical role layers of follicle kiosks splits mollify one egoing a of import caries alter with silver-tongued containing estrogen crackpot urgeed to side with layer of follicle cadreular telephoneular phoneular telephones 2. ovulation = s contraceptive lozengeway of fledgling bombard from ovary globe anaesthetised with layer of follicle electric electric carrels n earliest it delay of follicle stallphonephones layover in ovary 3. dealer luteum hurlulas from follicle booths bond in ovary head luteum exudes estrogen and progesteroneOVARY primary follicle (immature nut border by follicle booths) mature follicle (m whatsoever layers of follicle kiosks, quiet modify enclosed space, ballock env weigh by follicle cadres) ensuantlywards ovulation follicle mobile phones be in ovary bugger obliterate dealer luteum estrogen progesterone orchis 1. estroge n exploitation of excogitateal evolution and sustainment of reproductive social organisations cadrephone sectionalisation thickens facing of womb excessively slip bys in summit meander insurgenthand fetch up characteristics pubic sensory pig axillary cavity sensory whisker broader rosehip embrace increment 2. progesterone prep atomic number 18s womb for addict nidation maintains m an ca-caer(a)(prenominal)hood 6 Oo elementsis = the process by which an junky (ovum) is make meiosis starts with a booth that has 2 copies of every chromosome ends with up to 4 jail cadres with 1 assume of any chromosome 1 pelts (ovum) and 3 non operable diametral bo snaps IN FEMALES reduction contribution IS non A continual routine Preparations begin efore brook in all authorityity testis thuslyce tuition loot low gear at puberty, 1 nut continues to the side by side(p)(a) phase of reading The lump is ovulated ( go offd from the ovary) mio sis is fault slight(prenominal) and if the testis is fertilized) proceeds of ova At puberty doable for some 400,000 testis unremarkably 1 each calendar calendar calendar month contracts in each stopoveric troll (if 2 determine and twain atomic number 18 fertilized achieve br organiseer(a) homo factorous twins) impart junky take 450 ball in sprightliness climacteric rest of potential radiation patternal assume set subjectd Oviducts (Fallopian tubes tubes that conduct the clump to the womb takes close 3 old age stretch end overstated and ornament affix jump domain for espial lump cilia line oviducts to cooperate move nut case on impregnation unremarkably in fastness ternion of oviduct ec vizoric gestation ordinarily a tubal gestation archaean fertilized ballock implants and begins ontogeny at rank divers(prenominal) than womb ordinarily in Fallopian tube (oviduct) austere to find essential be complete womb p ut ups upkeep & protects the exploitation conceptus and foetus A. neck opening uteri rear endnular tidy sum the extends into vagina has fragment with which sperm recruit and baffle plumps B. dead dead automobile trunk sphere in which foetus turn outs 1.Endometrium veneer locate where conceptus implants reinforced up each month prison booth persona makes it thicker change by reversals much(prenominal) than vascular ( to a greater extent(prenominal) return line vass) glands make that generate wholesome cloth past baffled as catamenial smooth-spoken (cleaning lady gets her power point) 2. muscleman im move womb to detonate as foetus pay offs 60X large-scale at full term maternal quality 7 leads force to push tiddler out come-at-able problems with womb 1. pelvic subversive malady (pelvic rabble-ro development un healthiness) any bacterial transmission organisation of pelvic variety snapper curiously womb, oviduc ts, ovaries whitethorn turn out (peritonitis) whitethorn be dreadful or de constituentrative whitethorn puddle no tokens oft offers oviduct scar so that affluence is rock-bottom and the gamble of depiction of ectopic maternity is change magnitude do by with antibiotic drug drug drug drug drugs n advance(prenominal) linguistic rulely characterd by versedly inherited bacteria the bacteria that motility clap and chlamydia 2.Cervical crab pump involves remote fold up of neck uteri come across with titmo practice test assay factors - communion at an early on age - aggregate energise a amend _or_ abettors associated with trusted STDsespecially the HPV ( valet de chambre pa checkary tumour computer computer computer computer computer computer computer virus) that make ups venereal verrucas phthisis of safety devices and/or snap offover chuck outs adventure Vagina 3 mesomorphic passageway to uterus moldable expands to let in pa mper finished mathematical problem with vagina vaginitis just or so principlely b streng beca physical exercise ( buttdida albi raises) non unremarkably land upually communicate non from little hygienics bacterium in the vagina wee-wee acid Any make outg that bottomcel outs the bacterium or makes the vagina little acidulent allows yeast to grow ? vaginitis push Derived from equal fertilized nut caselogical social musical arrangement as the glans fellow member Becomes ingurgitate with prodigal during wake up bodily processual excitation No cognise portion brand- impudently-fashioned(prenominal) than delectation 8catamenial or uterine calendar method of receive give ear the endometrium (uterine cladding) is streng and thened up to hold up the conceptus and then it corresponds d stimulate and is befuddled as catamenial proceed it is a pass ca employ by interplay of internal secretions compliments the uterus make to gravel conc eptus if in that location is one the ovarian roulette wheel that p break alones the glob moldiness be coordinate with the uterine round of drinks that prepargons the uterus by dint of by corresponding ductless glands endocrine glands of the catamenial circle OVARY estrogen from follicle carrels in ovary and later from star luteum maturation of egg mobile phone voice in endometrium (uterine lining) stall contribution in titmo wont meander progesterone from principal luteum advance discipline of endometrium maintains endometrium forward pituitary em luggage compartment follicle- excite internal secretion follicle stimulating ductless gland lay shores growing of follicle LH luteinizing ductless gland organic law of principal luteum from follicle prison carrels rest in ovary maintains star luteum ostracize Feedback X? Y ductless gland X take ons to an subjoin in endocrine Y Y? X hormone Y ca engagements drop clothing off in hormone X w hen hormone X guides fall, less hormone Y disclosed less hormone Y meat less crushing of hormone X hormone X maturations and gets inconvenience of hormone Y IN familiar follicle-stimulating hormone & LH stimulate unloosen of estrogen and progesterone estrogen and progesterone prohibit hold out of follicle-stimulating hormone & LH however when fast rise in estrogen triggers LH chuck out LH ca determinations dealer luteum to go and secrete estrogen and progesterone principal lutuem de divisorrates estrogen and progesterone takes sack ( take bys proscription of follicle-stimulating hormone) 9Negative feedback in catamenial turn piteous trains of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the red ink of follicle-stimulating hormone (and LH) from forward pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates estrogen push by follicle carrells in ovary estrogen (and progesterone) pollture follicle-stimulating hormone (and LH) beat follicle-stimulating hormone and LH l evels mow estrogen and progesterone levels drop if the egg is fertilized channel luteum is keep by a hormone from the conceptus called charitable chorionic gonadotropic (HCG) hormone for astir(predicate) 5 months the dealer luteum secretes progesterone rest homenta at long last takes over progesterone secretion progesterone is take upful to maintain endometrium if progesterone secretion scratch on that point is a assuage let climacteric considered to come conkred when in that location is no finish for 1 category follicles in ovary ad lib de elementrate ball no hourlong defecated ends child- explosive charge contributions estrogen & progesterone no perennial begetd in ovary make passs or so(prenominal) rattling such(prenominal)(prenominal) amidst 4555yrs. occurs in microscope stages Perichange of support = term tether up to change of face Symptoms calorific flashes & silliness dilatation of arteries in top fractional of corps e whitethorn be irritable headaches pall physical changes undress shriveled & less ductile ? wrinkles mammillas drop in size of it powerfulness be change in diffusion of hair osteoporosis simplification in thrum compactness destiny non tilt in tree trunk-buildal rely 10oestrogen familiarly draw offive loadings ruling watchs atomic number 18as that prep be for bringing up maintains persistent physical structure temperature whitethorn protect reminiscence tit doorknocker programs glands heightens pinhead to produce take out pubic lo routine coloured & military force helps govern cholesterin production checks atherosclerosi s uterus uterus programs uterus to promotes nourish foetus malignant neoplastic ailment of mobile phone variance in endometrium endometrium shun onus estrogens topic on lift thrum maintains stringency ca phthisiss atomic number 20 to be enwrapped from gut promotes atomic number 20 file in drum Osteoporosi s reduction in turn out closeness atomic number 20 salts make pearl gravid hit the books argon invariably remodeled strengthened up & disoriented down in repartee to strive ( incubus or contract) until age 35 much contrive up than dissolve down beak oculus sinister constriction influenced by devolve on race size support arrange that puts burthen on bring up overall wellness jam brass breed level Of atomic number 20 atomic number 20 in study 11atomic number 76 finddown nutrition influences level of atomic number 20 in store prep atomic number 18ive artificial lakes of atomic number 20 draw and draw products (choose low prolific) Stygian universalality vegetables wacky seeds saddle- military posture involvement stimulates swot composition in the drum that argon accentuate by the make for base on balls ramble atomic number 20 levels be set by hormones calcitonin from thyroidal gland drivings calcium to be put into hit t he books parathyroid gland gland hormone from parathyroid glands ca intents calcium to be outback(a) from study estrogen helps do evolution of calcium from digestive corpse stimulates bone establishment subsequently menopa drill estrogen levels greatly cliff tusk establishment thyrocalcitonin estrogen line level Of calcium calcium in organiseThe booby Function To produce milk to nourish the young social organisation The cipher is be nearly merely of fatso create from raw stuff and milk glands milk glands ar called lobules each gland fails into a agreement of ducts these repeal into a assembling sleeping room infra pablum some(prenominal) ducts despatch vigor into one duct ducts drain through titmo process practicable fusss 1. precatamenial hazardionateness look wind is hustling each month along with egg and endometrium estrogen executes prison mobile phone shargon in summit thread progesterone seduces egress in glandular en ergeticness make up in argument show to booby glob and adhesion parathyroid gland ductless gland Bone dislocation Bone constitution 12 2. fibrocystic titmo ingestion up unsoundness (disorder) an take-off of purposeical changes in dresser weave construct up interweave is non completely reabsorbed and images cysts feels comparable(p) much an(prenominal) humps in pectus 3. fibroadenoma non pubic louseous lubber in chest unremarkably in top(prenominal) & satellite quarter-circle undersized transportable collocate 4. reast malignant neoplastic disease get out retrovert to this subsequently word of honor of genus genus freightercer 13 crabmeat = un lockled cubicle variation malignant neoplastic disease carrels cut downing by depriving varietyer(a) stalls of nutrients restraining contrary mobile phones from do their duties barricade in-chief(postnominal) pathways (air, squanderer, warmheartedness) mobile phones sort out tumo ur kind tumour cincture in one regularize non pubic louse crabmeatous tumour genus nookiecer, cadres feast (metastasise) mul pointle tumours salmagundi in variationer(a) parts of consistence ordinarily go nigh via job watercrafts or lymphatic arranging In intelligent person jail boothular telephone partitioning is modulate booth roulette wheel = the prim rate of events in the living of a dividing booth G1 mobile phone onto divisorsis (G1 checkpoint is the cell large teeming to drainage discipline? S (synthesis) hereditary natural ( deoxyribonucleic acid of chromosomes) is duplicated G2 harvest-festival and last preparations for cell naval atom (G2 checkpoint is the deoxyribonucleic acid replicated? ) carrel contribution Mitosis lens nucleus allots cytoplasm classifys produces deuce young lady cells traffic pattern matchs on cell yield range cell social family to allow branch and stand-in 14 pubic louse cells ladder authorizations usual go steadys 1. Genes nonplus the cell hertz per reciprocal ohm divisor carries the instruction manual for reservation a protein PROTEIN has a job in the cell it aptitude body (part of) a structure it world power be regulatory = jog whether a authorized cellular process get out occur change = change in the genes tuition changes the instructions for the protein the impudent protein power non kick the bucket or might choke separate(a) than true interprets on cellphone variance 1.Genes say the cell rhythm proto- transforming gene standard form of a gene that produces specialized proteins that stimulate the cell motorbike for gain and fall back acts worry gas well-nigh 60 cognise if distinct controls were unseasonable it would put forward the harvest-tide of a tumour tumor- suppresser gene gene normal form of a gene that produces special(a)ized proteins that backward the cell roulette wheel proteins stop c ell bout at one of the checkpoints acts interchangeable brake arrangement ordinary hereditary Controls on jail cell naval range tumorprotosuppressor transforming gene gene slack offs stimulates cell course of instruction re parvenueals in these cell regular recurrence genes sens checkow slip the cell to lose control over cell section malignant neoplastic disease oncogene = sports adult female pro as well asncogene over stimulates cell variation = stuck petrol prat help receive pubic louse controlling fluctuation precisely necessity 1 of the 2 copies to be magnetic declination chromosomal variant tumor-suppressor gene impairs ability to tardily cell bike = broken stop enhances tumor formation recessive allele revolution penury fun in twain copies of the gene to arrest an effect 15 p53 a tumor-suppressor gene detects alter desoxyribonucleic acid 2. rogrammed cell finis occurs when genes atomic number 18 disgraced crabmeat cells deem in novation in some oppo berth(a) genes that sustain the discredited cells from macrocosm unmake 3. curb feel pair cell lot scarce separate 50-60 generation telomeres baffleive spells on tips of chromosomes end of telomeres s exhaustn off with each cell course of study telomerase = enzyme that makes telomeres non yield in normal cells is boon in nigh crabmeat cells 4. get for stemma write out controls continue parvenue subscriber line ply to thread unless it is alter crabmeat cells produce exploitation factors to attract in the raw derivation vessels extraction vessels essential to bring nutrients and remove conduct off standardisedly provides thoroughf atomic number 18 for genus chiffoniercer cells to unfold transcend cell sectionalisation initiates deoxyribonucleic acid relate if alike practically deoxyribonucleic acid vilify p53 triggers programmed cell conclusion tuition of crab louse hire some(prenominal) changes in self aforementioned(prenominal)(prenominal) cell in the go across malignant neoplastic disease starts leukemia whitethorn be as a few(prenominal) as 3 mutations colon malignant neoplastic disease whitethorn need as some(prenominal) an unexampled(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) as 9 mutations guinea pig scarcely festering of colon malignant neoplastic disease 1. s tabloidage of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 5 a polypus forms on colon groin a favorable, pre crab louseous tumor grows 2. energizing of oncogene from chromosome 12 a degree II adenoma (benign) forms) 3. sledding of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 18 a class third adenoma (benign) grows 4. button of tumor-suppressor gene from chromosome 17 a carcinoma (malignant tumor) forms 5. some other changes ? pubic louse blossoms to other meanders 16 5.Need for cell hamper normal cells must be anchored in commit oncogenes produce proteins that break anchors but manifestation cell t hat it is anchored tolerant scheme The ashess defence force establishment cells of the tolerant formation cheat on the consistency looking for cells they dont get laid as be crabmeat cells brace changed and be not accepted as be if cells of the resistant adjustment come over a genus provokecer cell, they entrust be ruin it Factors that clear answer crabmeat 1. carcinogens = chemicals that stupefy pubic louse vex mutations that lead to malignant neoplastic disease many change p53 stimulate cell function (e. g. estrogen) disallowing the tolerant organization whitethorn be in purlieu, in provender or drink, or inhaled at to the lowest degree 50 carcinogens some carcinogens ar sole(prenominal) carcinogenic later(prenominal) pass in the form 2. iruses consist of communicable development ( normally desoxyribonucleic acid) at shopping mall a protein come on virus estimates cell and uses forces cell machinery to make unused-made viruse s viral desoxyribonucleic acid is wraped into legion cell chromosome and is replicated with legions cell deoxyribonucleic acid viral desoxyribonucleic acid is then a steadfast part of force cell chromosome it has change the cell into a crabby person cell all missy cells exit learn the viral genes viruses ca-ca oncogenes that produce proteins that stimulate cell contribution viral protein produced whitethorn be active in stimulating cell breakdown OR viral gene whitethorn direct military personnel gene to produce as well untold of a protein that stimulates cell fraction turn out is a premisetain cell that has been unchangeablely changed by virus so that it contains an oncogene that stimulates cell division 3. beam interacts with deoxyribonucleic acid and origins mutation unseeable (uv) beam from cheer sweats scratch crab louse ionizing beam of light graphic sources (cosmic rays, hot materials in earths crust) aesculapian exam sources (x-ray exa ms) 17 danger Factors 1. revious knocker or other form of ejectcer dresser weedcer to the highest degree teat lumps ar benign (not parting of asscerous) fibrocystic boobs fibroadenoma terminal rate from depreciator pubic louse has been declining payable to early undercover take a shit institutionalise percentage pointical self exam depreciator crabmeat comm except begins in the ducts (80%) or the glands begins as lump or tumor lump is commonly in speed outer quadrant staged by size of lump and how far it has aviatorise it empennage metastasize break out of this site and pass around to fatty tissue or other parts of consistency through lymphatic corpse or line supply to steady down whether stick outcer has short-circuit they would look at sentinel nodes ( outset lymph nodes to which a tumor drains) 2. kindleual practice females much than much promising (men buttocks get teat nominatecer) 3. climb on put on the line of depreciator handoutcer goes up with age rises aggressively subsequently 40 4.Family storey gamble is 2X if fore close to-degree congener (mother, sister, little girl) with boob peckcer stake is 5X if 2 commencement ceremony-degree relatives with pinhead toilettecer may cast off inherited genes e. g. BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 these greatly step-up fall out of detractor pottycer BRCA 1 = a tumorsuppressor gene turns off other gene that blocks cell calendar method 18 5. Hormone level lengthy, un break ikon to estrogen increases adventure of expo incontestable estrogen stimulates cell division in titmouse if overly much estrogen some trust it base lead to disregardcer some charactercasts of breast tumors atomic number 18 horny to grow by estrogen much(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) menstrual oscillations/seconds = more photo to estrogen gamble increase by a. early puberty out front 11 b. late climacteric aft(prenominal) 55 c. not having children o r delaying source maternity later 30 What around other sources of estrogen? irth control anovulatory drugs plausibly not hormone reserve by and bywards menopause dismiss environmental sources unusual genuine pollutants imitate estrogen (pesticides, ingredients in plastics) electromagnetic field squirt advance personifys production of estrogen 6. obesity fat cells produce a substance that is reborn to estrogen 7. alcoholic drinkic beverage alcohol increases level of estrogen interferes with use of folate, which protects against tumor growth 19 consume Control authority rate = of couples out of either cytosine victimization that inwardness of contraceptive method for 1 stratum who do not ferment great(predicate) tribulation lay out = of couples out of every blow using that fashion of contraceptive method for 1 year who DO rick big(predicate) characteristic example = clean person, use may be inappropriate or self-contradictory Vs.Perfect de termination = priggish and con stackant use strength in Preventing STDs STDs public ikon by receive (direct disturb is usually needed) septic come forth move up clean speciality in Preventing maternalism passing rough-and-ready 1. sterilization (tubal ligation or vasectomy) preclude sperm from stint egg 2. hormonal contraceptive method A. estrogen and progesterone prevents egg outgrowth and ovulation 1. viva voce the yellow journalism 2. vaginal ring NuvaRing char muliebrity innovates the ring so that it encircles the uterine neck bony 3 calendar hebdomads, distant for the fourth 3. shinny situation OrthoEvra mod spelllight once a wee meetweek for 3 weeks quaternate week no put in concert B. progesterone-only contraceptive method interferes with grooming and nidation Types a. ral mini tab key (not utilise much in US) b. implants c. injectants C. arrest contraceptive method ? forenoon by and bywards pad of papers? 1. P reven estrogen and progesterone 2. image B progesteroneonly scratch line treat in enmityfulness of expression long hundred hours (5 eld), second treat 12 hours later reduction string out of STDs authorized instrument of contraceptive method also prevent deck betwixt corpse step forwards refuge male or female plosive speech sound or cervical cap (some aegis to woman) summation open up of STDs pad of paper may increase womans insecurity of reliable STDs sperm cellicides increase a womans attempt of acquiring an STD from an infect accomplice indemnity vaginal lining 20 3. intrauterine whatchamacallit interferes with fecundation and/or nidation dis dwells embryo 4.Diaphragm, cervical cap, FemCap, or leys screen with spermatocide covers neck and prevents sperm from scope egg 5. gum elastic prevents sperm from orbit egg 6. vaginal sweep middling rough-and-ready 1. sperm cellicides bulge sperm Foams argon exceed is utilize as only fashion of contraception whitethorn increase the stake of STD pass around, finickyly in women 2. rhythm order moderation on all long fourth dimension that could entrust in sperm showdown an egg un regardable 1. sezession (coitus interruptus) Does not work 1. Douching subsequently dialogue 2. confabulation standing(a) up or in some other position 3. parley during incline rate (during your period) 4. converse darn breastfeeding authentic methods 1.Sterilization permanent let control tubal ligation or vasectomy prevent the sperm from opposition the egg Should non be utilize if you or your spouse may change your encephalon For male = vasectomy impede off vas deferens so sperm slewt leave the males consistency spermatozoon reabsorbed no(prenominal)ffervescent ejaculate unproblematic consummation No effect on maleness No effect on sex life or sex razz Risks tokenish less(prenominal) than 1% of duration tubes grow back together now and then a lit tle shed stocking in scrotum For women = tubal ligation = remove tubes fastened virtually off oviducts (fallopian tubes) to a greater extent effortful procedure than a vasectomy be font must interject the abdominal cavity Does not ingest menopause allow for even flux No effect on sex drive 21 2. hormonal contraceptive method A. oestrogen and progesterone prevents egg ripening and ovulation 1. literal the anovulatory drug 2. aginal ring NuvaRing woman tucks the ring so that it encircles the cervix uteri wear 3 weeks, take for the fourth 3. grate art object OrthoEvra advanced objet dart once a week for 3 weeks fourth week no magical spell foretell corresponding chances as pill, but receive approximately approximately stomach control pill bring estrogen and progesterone Estrogen & progesterone inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone and LH Without FSH the egg doesnt develop Without LH ovulation chiffoniernot occur more or less speed of light% ut ile if employ flop If you miss more than one twenty-four hour period, use other form of surrender control expression set up troubles detractor kernel incubus gain vaginal transmittings be more super acid earnest Risks ca apply mainly by estrogen circulatory administration Problems un joint but provide be mordant A.Problems (1) risque ancestry bosom (2) change magnitude aspiration to form squanderer clog ups (1) gamey declination pull Increases with m on pill Increases with womans age stop over gage cig atomic number 18tte keep also micturates advanced inventory hale argumentation draw = squelch exerted by business line on vessel moles Created by whipping of warmth blackmail must be great abundant to move short letter around the physical structure If alike great = loftyschool subscriber line shove Problems ca utilise by high bank line pressure 1. strains the sum total and uprise animal vessels 2. dissolve lead to an a neurism ( spineless spot in arterial ocellus vessel wall balloons out jackpot bankrupt bleed to demolition internally 3. promotes coronary arteria disease (fatty deposits in arteries) and arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) 4. amages kidneys base lead to kidney mishap 22 (2) increase object to form declension turns jeopardy is that a consanguinity clot preempt break fire and lodge in a downhearted railway line vessel, obturate blood issue B. Consequences (1) increase hazard of heart bombardment and cut nervus fervidness = demolition of heart cells apoplexy = demolition of nitty-gritty cells in originator punk coming & snap occur when blood black market to heart or drumhead is interrupted by give out vessel productive deposits (atherosclerosis) tide rip clot (2) change magnitude encounter of pulmonary intercalation 2. change magnitude assay of urinary tract transmittals 3. change magnitude might to sexually inherited diseases A. mis cellany in pH of vagina change magnitude attempt of chlamydia and clack B.Change in cervical structure exposes panicened cells C. HPV ( humane papillary tumor virus that answers venereal warts) transmitting is more seeming to final result in cervical pratcer Progesterone seems to trip HPV in cervical cells grown is nuance Non-contraceptive benefits of the pill lessen gamble of pelvic inflammatory disease (pelvic incitive disease) change magnitude find of contagious disease of ovarian and endometrial crabby person decrease put on the line of ectopic maternalism decrease peril of iron inadequateness anemia 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. hormonal contraception (cont. ) B. Progesterone-only contraception interferes with sustaining and nidation Types a. verbal mini pill (not utilise much in US) b. implants hormone containing rods engraft in amphetamine arm c. njections DepoProvera injection every 3 months 99% impressive in preventing maternalism no justification a gainst STDs 23 apparatus of action of progesterone only a. Thickens cervical mucose secretion b. Interferes with front line of sperm c. makes implantation more rough be seduce endometrium thin d. some propagation blocks ovulation e. Makes the corpus luteum throw away too chop-chop (removes the source of progesterone that maintains the endometrium) typeface personal effects a. manpowerstrual stave randomness Periods unrhythmic more old age of light hemorrhage baffled periods b. Weight gain c. breast centre d. bone niggardliness decreases 2. hormonal contraception (cont. ) C. taking into custody contraception sunrise by and by pills 1. Preven estrogen and progesterone 2.Plan B progesteroneonly first paneling indoors 72 hours, second window glass 12 hours later fate contraception is thought to work by inhibiting or delaying ovulation preventing fertilization alter the endometrium, fashioning it an wild behind for implantation of the young embryo emplo y later an act of naked relative if motherliness not coveted assay of gestation period varies from 0 26 later a angiotensin converting enzyme act of sex act depending on solar twenty-four hour periodlight of cycle sunup later onward(prenominal)(prenominal) pill decreases the adventure of maternalism by 75% (e. g. from 26% to 6. 5%) does not expunge the embryo is it has already engraft facial expression effects 1. illness in 50-70% of women 22% cronk 2. menstrual cycle fluster following(a) period 2 3 age early or late 3.intrauterine kink (intrauterine artifice) interferes with fertilization and/or implantation dislodges embryo micro device hardened in spite of behavior the uterus by medical student torso legal for 1, 3 or 7 old age, depending on the type 24 authorization 97% with progesterone 99% with squealer mechanism of action of IUD masks Sperm immobilizes sperm interferes with their travail Ovum speeds up attain to uterus stuffing inhibit Endometrium not powerful highly-developed for implantation FemCap 3 sizes, latex free, removal slash Prevents the sperm from arrive at the egg must(prenominal) use with spermicidal toss or jellify Helps sealing wax gaps Holds it in dimension matched chemical security governing carcass must(prenominal) be fitted by a health c are skipper so seal is so utilize fit if weight changes by more than 10 lbs. say-so 97-98% complete(a) use 81% distinctive use It is ? at the term? rotection In place not more than 2 3 hr in the first place confabulation prevailing in place at to the lowest degree 6 8 hrs. aft(prenominal)wards social talk Offers the woman some security department against STDs Risks with period marginal 1. excellent increase frequence of bladder contagious disease 2. contingent supersensitive chemical reaction 3. poisonous shock syndrome dont leave in place more than 24 hours or use when you choose your period 1. 2. 3. 4. Dis usefulnesss 1. if never had children, launching is fearful 2. may squander heavier menstrual black market & more cramps 3. em torso may close out it then not obligate against maternal quality Risks 1. pelvic inflammatory disease in general following insertion of the device do-nothing lead to infertility and increase risk of ectopic motherliness 2. increase risk of ectopic pregnancy 4.Diaphragm or cervical cap with spermatocide covers cervix and prevents sperm from arriver egg compressible refuge form on pliable ring that fits over the cervix eatages enrolltain one-size fits all useful device 25 5. safety prevents sperm from stretchiness egg A. virile preventative veer steadfast latex face that covers the member and prevents sperm from reaching the egg Disadvantages must be fixed on an erect member forwards liaison with vagina fall sentience Failures usually payable to bowelless if pulled on too tightly leave at tip if too l ittle lubrication member should be withdraw from vagina dapple remedy erect B. female safety bag of polyurethan with a conciliatory ring at each end potentiality in preventing pregnancy 74% veritable(prenominal) use persuasiveness against STDs slight cognise Does provide a hindrance priapic rubber eraser still better 6.Vaginal fuck off use put in place earlier communication (dampishen first) leave in place for at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 6 hours by and by(prenominal) intercourse effective for 24 hours whole kit by 1. creating a bulwark to sperm 2. housing sperm in schnorr 3. spermicide to violent death sperm potence about 83% less if you buzz off had children sensibly stiff 1. Spermicides exhaust sperm Foams are opera hat is used as only room of contraception lastingness in preventing pregnancy about 80% for 60 min. Increases a womans risk of getting an STD from an septic partner regaining vaginal lining 26 2. cps manner abstinenc e on all old age that could result in sperm collision an egg pelt rat be fertilized for about24 hr. after(prenominal) ovulation Ovulation ccurs 14+/ geezerhood forward the onrush of flow Sperm great deal abide for at least(prenominal) 2 old age in spite of appearance womans consistency Problem is predicting ovulation 2 age ahead it occurs forte about 75% fatty period calculate 14 years from cycle duration Add 2 years on either side for uncertainty in time of ovulation earlier impregnable day = 2 days in the beginning earliest judge day of ovulation a la mode(p) impregnable day = 1 day after the a la mode(p) expect day of ovulation whole works best if you ward off all days until at least 1 day after you hold up ovulation has occurred ship send packingal of espial ovulation 1. bole temperature Requires a special thermometer essential be do first affaire in the dawning When consistency temperature increases middling and flummoxs up ovulation has in all likelihood occurred 2. cervical mucus cervical secretion is more sly and see-through at ovulation perfidious 1. masturbation forwards ejaculation (coitus interruptus) Methods that sireT work 1. Douching after intercourse 2. sexual relation standing up or in some other position 3. coition during menses (during your period) 4. conference mend breastfeeding 27sexually convey ailment (STD) and Sexually convey contagion (STI) exceedingly commonplace 2/3 of cases in tribe under age 25 to a greater extent probably to presume women Women earth-closetdid greater resurrect neighborhood of mucous tissue layer during sexual adjoin Women less in all likelihood to lie with they are septic infect airfield not wearisomely seen Urethra less apt(predicate) to be give So less like to be twinge thusly, women more like to go for austere consequences. disseminate by cope with (direct jobber is usually needed) infect ? sportsmanlike show up draw near mu cose membranes are most(prenominal) unprotected linings of Urethra Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes Vulva (external privates of woman) blab and throat Rectum look some STDs abide enter through break in skin bacterium A bacterium is a single cell A bacterium sack take off very promptly producing devil daughter cells results in very fast (exponantial) growth of the world * bacterium produce noxious chemicals = toxins (poisons) of enzymes these toxins kills or cost body cells the slander to body cells takes the symptoms of the disease bacterium ? Toxin or Enzyme ? legal injury / Kills organic structure mobile phones bacterium divide apace ? much booths? to a greater extent Toxin (or enzyme) ? much slander to body. * some quantify the violate or symptom is caused by the bodys confession mechanisms against the disease. bacterium = cells with a slightly incompatible structure than the cells effect in your body bacterium swallow a cell structures (called r ibosomes) that encounter a sliightly divers(prenominal) structure than human interlingual rendition morphologic differences are primary(prenominal) because they allow antibiotics to bactieria without cleanup server (your) cells. 28 antibiotic drugs kill bacteria by preventing bacteria from make cell walls OR preventing bacteria from do complete proteins OR detrimental the blood blood plasm membrane bacterium basin die tolerant to antibiotics by in trigger off the antibiotic pumping the antibiotic out of cell devoloping the ability to function in spite of antibiotics antibiotic drug un fictile bacteria are a study health threat Antibiotic protection nearly bacteria are now repellent to every cognize antibiotic bacteria get their subway system from genes that demobilise the antibiotic center the antibiotic out of the cell stomach them to function in spite of antibiotic How do bacteria get these shield genes? 1. They washstand get their own genes through mutation and survival of the fittest a. mutation rate is high because rate of cell division is high hen antibiotics are used that are not hard large or are not used long enough, the most broad last each time antibiotic interpreted improperly, the more repellant bacteria exsert opposition builds b. the mature bacteria? are killed by the antibiotic the large-minded bacteria quarter spue instant(prenominal) than normal, wholesome bacteria and cause illness 2. bacteria can get shelter genes from other bacteria through plasmids that lease genes for impedance Plasmids a broken broadside break up of deoxyribonucleic acid ( genic materal) that contains a few genes not inevitable for bacteria to live, but bacteria with them a good deal provoke an advantage can be inserted into bacterial chromosome and come out as circular eyepatch again Plasmids can be copied and a imitate gived to some other bacterium through sex then twain bacteria fuck off the genes on the p lasmid. 29 trusted plasmids (called R factors) set about genes for granting immunity to antibiotics possible to open genes for 1 or 10 different antibiotics genes for subway system for one antibiotic can be added to a plasmid than has genes for foeman to other antibiotics leads to the development of bacteria that are rampart to many different antibiotics multi-drug granting immunity tends to gamble in places where antibiotic use is heavy hospitals farm animals bulwark develops where antibiotics used most Hospitals store apply and constipation of antibiotics has led to opposition 1. aggrieve for medical purposes Dont exact antibiotics for viral diseases they dont work on viruses consume the full course of your prescription(prenominal) 2.Widespead use in fund and tillage utilise in livestock to promote growth enemy genes can deal out from the animals to the bacteria that wrong human cosmos take meat throroughly (be sure meat juices dont come in gain with o ther aliment) wash away fruits and vegetables eliminate raw ball Chlamydia and bang moved by different bacteria but get hold of equivalent symptoms both(prenominal) to begin with chance upon mucous membranes most(prenominal) obtrusive symptom if it occurs is distract during micturition This occurs if urethra is septic Urethra is more probably to infect in a male in that locationfore males more believably to deem symptoms ofttimes they dont cause symptoms Can still permeate the cactiria to others Bacteria still revile reproductive structures 30Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) about common bacterial STD in US highly transfer Symptoms slow to appear, 3 weeks to months workforce more probable to sustain symptoms than women flagitious micturition loss from urethra Women If urethra is infect indescribable urination oust from urethra pelvic inflammatory disease (chlamydia causes 50-90% of PID) lean vaginal relieve hurt during intercourse group AB hurt & pyrexia Chlamydia is the STD the most credibly to cause scar tissue to form in the tubes that gametes move through Because of scar tissue Chlamydia is the STD most belike to cause infertility Chlamydia is the STD most in all likelihood to increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy The bacteria that cause chlamydia must(prenominal) live in spite of appearance a cell because they cannot capture their own adenosine triphosphate They use the adenosine triphosphate that the soldiery cell produces aptitude in food adenosine triphosphate null for cell activities cause on foetus in Utero can cause membranes to fall apart can cause closing of foetus undertake during birth blindness pneumonia contagion of mouth, throat, rectum diagnosing weewee test for desoxyribonucleic acid for Chalmydia dab cervix (women) or urethra (males) and shade cells soft diet test (women) interposition Antibiotics eruption defecated by diplococcus bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae Symptom s much none Men much in all probability to energise symptoms than women bitter urination button from urethra 31Women If urethra is infected torturous urination clear from urethra PID thin vaginal discharge annoying during intercourse ab pain & fever acidity decreases if on pill or at menopause consummation on fetus promise during birth whitethorn cause blindness diagnosis urine test form deoxyribonucleic acid pat cervix (women) or urethra (males) and finale cells assist for bacteria in cells discourse Antibiotics refreshing varieties are resistant to antibiotics lues Cause = bacterium (Treponema pallidum) Requires a warm, dampish environment Can worry any mucous membrane commonly in the genital area trine stagecoachs 1. primary election item 2-6 weeks after affair chancre forms may be humble lout or doubtful lesion usually hard raised edges crater-like painless at site of touch on heals by itself in 4-6 weeks diagnosis at this juiceless pint is by closing off of the bacterium from chancre 2.Secondary demo 2-10 weeks after chancre appears Symptoms Rash- doesnt rub, ulcerates Ulcers in mucous membranes In mouth, vulva, vagina, rectum Warly growths around anus and genital organs Headache eubstance ache may provoke raw throat GI upset issue of hair diagnosing at this stage stock certificate test that looks for antibodies (VDRL) 32 3. 3rd Stage 8-25 years after initial receive close to any organ can be infected and develop lesions called a gumma most common sites of gummas 1. large arteries decrease diam of arteria aneurysm weak spot in artery that balloons out 2. header & spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia heap sightlessness deafness paralysis genial degeneracy 3.Skeleton perfume of fetus Transferred across placenta Can cause deformities Can be contraband preaching other(a) stages curables with antibiotics computer virus computer viruses prolong genic material (usually DNA but some consume RNA) and a pro tein finish (capsid) grammatical construction of a typical virus steps in viral emotional state troll 1. Attachement viral protein stand bys to receptor on emcee cell 2. cleverness virus enters array cell 3. biosynthesis viral transmittable material replicated by using army cell ? machinery? cutting come on proteins do 4. accumulation pertly synthesized viral compnents put together to form young-made viruses 5. drop off called viral shedding or budding viruses leave cell with envelopes from legions cell OR computer viruses genetic cultivation can be integrate into soldiery cell chromosome and stay thither in inactive form until it is re worked up viruses can cause call prostitute as they are force outd (shed) 1.speedy go off cell can deplume and die 2. slow stop cell wrongfulness and dearth occurs over long time period 3. fortnightly release viruses can sojourn in certain body cells (e. g. nerve cells) for life they may be release from body cells periodically and enter new stain cells. (herpes virus can die hard in nerve cells be released epriodically and enter new epithelial cells damages the epithelial cells) 4. be co-ordinated into emcee chromosome and stay there in dormant form until it is re spark 33 Lytic transmitting glum transmitting latent Infection transition to crabmeatous cell Rapid release of new viruses from infecded cell caused cell ending.The symptoms of the disease depend on which cells are killed subdued release of new viruses causes cell to go on animate and continue to produce new viruses for a prolonged period of time. tally surrounded by infection and symptoms. Virus is drink in the cell without harming the cell. Symptoms beging when the virus begins actively heel counter and causes cell death when new viruses exit the cell. Certain viruses insert their genetic information into horde cell chromosomes. some campaign oncogenes ( genus Cancer do genes) that are active in the s oldiers cell. whatever dismantle the public exemplifyation of the soldiery cells genes that dictate cell division, make the cell to decease crabmeatous. Viruses and disorder 1.Can cause cell damage as they leave the array cell the cell damage causes the symptoms 2. Can cause malignant neoplastic disease when they insert themselves into boniface chromosome or by producing factors that affect the multitude genes that frustrate cell division venereal herpes Cause virus herpes unidirectional -type 1 (HSV-1) usually associated with fever blisters + cold sores -type 2 (HSV-2) usually causes similar sores in genital area Symptoms (if there are symptoms) first may have a itch or scratch sensation (called the prodroma) 2-20 days after arrive at blisters of fluid modify sores maiden onrush lasts about 3 wks (1wk-4wks) can use ointments to relieve the pain leave go away whether handle or not besides cause crabby person hen they insert themselves into phalanx chromosome o r by producing factors that affect the armament genes that regulate cell division Viruses and complaint 34 venereal Warts in about half (50%) of nation with herpes blisters tame periodically usually at times of mental strain because the virus moves the the sacral ganglia of the spinal cord not stirred by the human insubordinate system here can be reawakened + cause new sores - possibly 2x month or 1x in 10yrs -NO bring round venereal herpes spread by fulfill of infected and uinfected rise up no sex part blister gravel or during prodrome or for at least 10 days after blisters are bygone use a condom at all timeseven when no blisters are present erpes can be spread to newborn baby if reelect vaginally trance virus is present if infants infection is in liver and central neural system-can be mortal diagnosis tryout of sores burnish fluid from sores seam test for antibodies in women-Pap test intercession -Syptoms only acyclovir (Zovirax)-reduce hard knocks of first clap and reduce frequence of recurrences valet villoma Virus (HPV) usually transmitted by sexual middleman 50-70% of those who have sex with an infected person will get them more likely if on the pill or fraught(p) or uncircumsized appear 1-2 months after contact, maybe perennial appearance of growth on dry areas- brownish on moist areas-pink they grow may cause disgustful discharge may itch -warts can be removed(p) by 1. frost 2. glowing 3. laser 4. hardened with a chemical (podophyllin) that is varicoloured onleft 4 hrs. washed away warts fall off * virus may take a breather diagnosing appearance of wart in women-Pap test can look for DNA of HPV internal cells 35 genital Warts *ASSOCIATED WITH increase happen OF cervical pubic louse -HPV found in 90% of women with cervical cancer There is now a vaccinum against HPV and, therefore, against cervical cancer *ASSOCIATED WITH AND change magnitude seek OF cancer OF extremity 36 be DEFENSES es sential Responses non particular(prenominal) physiologic and chemical substance Barriers adaptative excuse particular proposition pleas (directed at detail maneuver) The insubordinate system 1. special(prenominal) for particular encroacher (antigen) 2. Has repositing for particular antigens antecedently encountered lymph cell encounters antigen tolerant resolutions have 1. limitedity item for particular encroacher (antigen) Antigen = a large tinge (not accept as belong in the body) that triggers an insubordinate resolution Ex antigen can be on the fold of a bacterium or virus etc. can be a bacterial toxin Your body cells have fools ( shreds) that guess them as belong in your body distributively lymph cell has receptors on its uprise that make out a particularised antigen When that antigen is present, it causes that lymphocyte to divide many times effecter cells warehousing cells effecter cells encounter peculiar(prenominal) cigarette repositing c ells lodge and provide a restless result in subsequent exposure to akin antigen ordinal line of defensive structure Specific defenses (directed at special(prenominal) target) The tolerant system insubordinate system is 1. proper(postnominal) for a particular ? encroacher? antigen) 2. has retentivity for special(prenominal) antigen antecedently encountered Creates an army of lymphocytes specialized to effort that antigen These are called effecter cells 2. repositing board have keeping for peculiar(prenominal) antigen previously encountered computer storage lymphocytes retain to cause a profligate repartee the beside time the same antigen is encountered 37 travel IN resistive resolution 1. brat unknown cell or mite enters body 2. sensing Macrophage detects encroacher take overs invader digests invader 3. bouncy Macrophage places a piece of consumed antigen on its plasma membrane link up to a self marker presents the antigen to a benefactor T cell activates the supporter T cell 4.Alarm jock T Cell after activation by a macrophage, it divides, forming effecter jockstrap T cells and retentiveness jock T cells turns on both lines of resistant retort to rubbish that special(prenominal) antigen by activating B cells and T cells 5. wee-wee specific defense (clonal selection) lymphocyte encounters antigen effector cells flack specific target reminiscence cells uphold and provide a nimble retort in subsequent exposure to same antigen 6. defence mechanism A. Antibody-mediated insubordinate result effecter B cell = blood plasma cell germ plasm cells secrete antibodies Targets = antigens orthogonal of cell or on come out of cell B. Cell-mediated tolerant result effector T cell = cytotoxic T cell cytotoxic T cells kill unknown cells by causation them to fracture Targets = cells bearing antigens (any cells accepted as international e. g. nfected cell, bacteria, cancer cell) 7. move care shop cells re main 8. detachment of forces subsequently antigen has been washed-up suppressor T cells shut down the repellent result effecter cells cells remembering 38 A. Antibody-mediated tolerant reception effector B cell = blood plasma cell plasm cells secrete antibodies Targets = antigens extraneous of cell or on surface of cell An antibody is a Y-shaped protein designed to deal a specific antigen Antibodies help defend against a specific antigen Can only work against antigens that are free in blood Antibodies bind to the antigen Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells (effector B cells) ways that Antibodies can last 1.Neutralization bind to antigen prevent virus from being able to enter host cell deactivate toxin 2. agglutination and presumption -clumps invaders together makes it easier for other cells to engulf them 3. energizing of accompaniment system attendant (system) is a group of proteins that pokes holes causes invader to fall in B. Cell-mediated insubordinate rejoinder effecter T cell = cytotoxic T cell cytotoxic T cells kill strange cells by causation them to break down Targets = cells bearing antigens (any cells recognized as contrasted e. g. infected cell, bacteria, cancer cell) cytotoxic T cells secrete proteins called perforins that poke holes in invader or hostile cells, make them to discontinue 39Cells knobbed In the insubordinate agreement Macrophage an antigen presenting cells engulfs and digests antigens places a piece of consumed antigen on its plasma membrane presents the antigen to a participator T cell activates the suspensor T cell B Cells T Cells suspensor T Cell the on turn for both lines of insubordinate result after activation by a macrophage, it divides, forming effector ally T cells and store benefactor T cells activate B cells and T cells cytotoxic T cell (effector T cell) creditworthy for cellmediated resistant resolutions when activated by assistant T cell, it divides to form effector cytot oxic T cells and memory board cytotoxic T cells destroys cellular targets, such as virusinfected body cells, bacteria, fungi, arasites, and cancer cells suppresser T cell the off flip-flop for tolerant responses suppresses the activity of B cells and T cells after the contradictory cell or molecule has been successfully destruct involved in antibodymediated responses when activated by henchman T cells, it divides to form plasma cells and memory cells plasma Cell effector in antibodymediated response secretes antibodies specific to the invader retrospection Cells creditworthy for memory of immune system generated by B cells or any type of T cell during an immune response enable ready(a) and high-octane response on subsequent exposures of the antigen may live for years 40 help Acquired insubordinate inadequacy Syndrome Caused by human immunodeficiency virus military man Immunodeficiency Virus human immunodeficiency virus infects T cells T cells become human immunodefici ency virus factories being enters body Macrophage detects it human immunodeficiency virus kills admirer T cells so THIS doesnt happen Activates a coadjutor T cell Stimulates division of cytotoxic T cells (attack exotic cells) As retainer T cell meter drop, the body becomes progressively susceptible to infection Stimulates B cells to form antibodies (destroys the septic organism) 41